Pensions Act 2008

SCHEDULE 5 Pension compensation payable on discharge of pension compensation credit

Section 116 Part 1 Introductory Introductory 1 This Schedule applies for the purposes of determining the compensation payable to or in respect of a person entitled to compensation on the discharge of a pension compensation credit in accordance with this Chapter. Interpretation 2 In this Schedule— “the initial annual rate of compensation” is the amount determined by the Board under section 116(4); “the pension compensation age” of the transferee is the age determined in accordance with paragraph 3. Pension compensation age 3 (1) This paragraph applies for the purpose of determining the transferee's “pension compensation age”. (2) Sub-paragraphs (3) and (4) apply where the transferor's PPF compensation, or any of it, is determined under Schedule 7 to the Pensions Act 2004 (c. 35). (3) Where the transferor's right to PPF compensation arises by virtue of his or her status as a member of a pension scheme for which the Board assumed responsibility in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 2 of that Act, the transferee's pension compensation age is the same as— (a) the normal pension age of the transferor, or (b) where the transferor was a pension credit member, the normal benefit age of the transferor. (4) Where the transferor's right to PPF compensation arises by virtue of his or her status as a person connected with a member of a scheme for which the Board assumed responsibility in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 2 of that Act, the transferee's pension compensation age is the same as— (a) the normal pension age of that member, or (b) where that member was a pension credit member, the normal benefit age of that member. (5) Sub-paragraph (6) applies where the transferor's PPF compensation is determined only under this Schedule. (6) The transferee's pension compensation age is the same as the pension compensation age of the transferor. (7) In this paragraph, “normal benefit age”, “normal pension age” and “pension credit member” have the same meanings as in Schedule 7 to the Pensions Act 2004. Part 2 Transferee attains pension compensation age before or on transfer day Compensation payable to transferee 4 (1) Compensation is payable in accordance with this paragraph where the transferee attains pension compensation age before or on the transfer day. (2) The transferee is entitled to periodic compensation commencing on the transfer day and continuing for life. (3) The annual rate of the periodic compensation is the aggregate of— (a) the initial annual rate of compensation, ... (aa) if the commencement of periodic compensation under this paragraph has been postponed for any period by virtue of paragraph 16A, the amount of the actuarial increase under that paragraph, and (b) any increases under paragraph 17 (annual increases in periodic compensation). (4) This paragraph is subject to paragraph 16A (postponement of compensation) and paragraph 18 (compensation cap). Compensation payable to widow, widower or surviving civil partner 5 (1) This paragraph applies where — (a) the transferee dies after liability in respect of the pension compensation credit has been discharged under section 116, (b) the transferee was before death entitled under paragraph 4 to periodic compensation commencing on the transfer day, and (c) the transferee is survived by a widow, widower or surviving civil partner (“the surviving partner”). (2) Subject to sub-paragraph (4), the surviving partner is entitled to periodic compensation commencing on the day following the transferee's death and continuing for life. (3) The annual rate of the periodic compensation at any time is half of the annual rate of the periodic compensation (including any actuarial increase under paragraph 16A and any increases under paragraph 17) to which the transferee would at that time have been entitled under paragraph 4 had the transferee not died. (3A) If, on the day the transferee (“T”) died, commencement of T's periodic compensation under paragraph 4 was postponed by virtue of paragraph 16A, assume for the purposes of sub-paragraph (3) that the periodic compensation commenced immediately before the date of T's death. (4) The surviving partner is not entitled to periodic compensation under this paragraph in such circumstances as may be prescribed. Part 3 Transferee attains pension compensation age after transfer day Compensation payable to transferee 6 (1) Compensation is payable in accordance with this paragraph where the transferee attains pension compensation age after the transfer day. (2) The transferee is entitled to periodic compensation commencing at that age and continuing for life. (3) The annual rate of the periodic compensation is the aggregate of— (a) the initial annual rate of compensation, (b) the revaluation amount (see paragraph 8), ... (ba) if the commencement of periodic compensation under this paragraph has been postponed for any period by virtue of paragraph 16A, the amount of the actuarial increase under that paragraph, and (c) any increases under paragraph 17 (annual increases in periodic compensation). (4) This paragraph is subject to— paragraph 9 (commutation), paragraph 10 (early payment), ... paragraph 15 (terminal illness lump sum), ... paragraph 16A (postponement of compensation), and paragraph 18 (compensation cap). Compensation payable to widow, widower or surviving civil partner 7 (1) This paragraph applies where— (a) the transferee dies after liability in respect of the pension compensation credit has been discharged under section 116, (b) the transferee— (i) was, before death, entitled under paragraph 6 to periodic compensation commencing at pension compensation age, or (ii) would have become so entitled had he or she not died, and (c) the transferee is survived by a widow, widower or surviving civil partner (“the surviving partner”). (2) Subject to sub-paragraph (4), the surviving partner is entitled to periodic compensation commencing on the day following the transferee's death and continuing for life. (3) The annual rate of the periodic compensation at any time is— (a) where the transferee dies after attaining pension compensation age, half of the annual rate of the periodic compensation (including the revaluation amount (see paragraph 8) , any actuarial increase under paragraph 16A and any increases under paragraph 17) to which the transferee would at that time have been entitled under paragraph 6 had the transferee not died; (b) where the transferee dies before attaining pension compensation age, half of the annual rate of the periodic compensation (including the revaluation amount (see paragraph 8) and any increases under paragraph 17) to which the transferee would at that time have been entitled under paragraph 6 if— (i) the transferee's pension compensation age had been the transferee's actual age immediately before the date of the transferee's death, and (ii) the transferee had not died. (assuming commencement of the periodic compensation was not postponed by virtue of paragraph 16A). (3A) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (3)(a), if on the day the transferee (“T”) died commencement of T's periodic compensation under paragraph 6 was postponed by virtue of paragraph 16A, assume that the periodic compensation commenced immediately before the date of T's death. (4) For the purposes of this paragraph, a person's entitlement under paragraph 6 is to be determined disregarding paragraph 15(1)(b) (successful applicant for terminal illness lump sum loses entitlement to periodic compensation). (5) The surviving partner is not entitled to periodic compensation under this paragraph in such circumstances as may be prescribed. Revaluation 8 (1) This paragraph applies for the purpose of calculating the revaluation amount mentioned in paragraph 6(3)(b). (2) In this paragraph, “the revaluation period” means the period— (a) beginning with the transfer day, and (b) ending with the day before the transferee attains pension compensation age. (3) The revaluation amount is— (a) in a case in which the revaluation period is less than a month, nil; (b) in any other case, the revaluation percentage of the initial annual rate of compensation. (4) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (3)(b) “the revaluation percentage” means the lesser of— (a) the percentage increase in the general level of prices in Great Britain during the revaluation period, determined in the prescribed manner, and (b) the maximum revaluation rate. (5) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (4)(b) “the maximum revaluation rate” is— (a) in a case in which the revaluation period is a period of 12 months, 2.5%, and (b) in any other case, the percentage that would be the percentage mentioned in sub-paragraph (4)(a) had the general level of prices in Great Britain increased at the rate of 2.5% compound per annum during that period. This is subject to paragraph 20 (power of Board to alter rates of revaluation and indexation). Commutation of periodic compensation 9 (1) A transferee who is entitled to periodic compensation under paragraph 6 may, in prescribed circumstances, opt to commute for a lump sum a portion of the periodic compensation with effect from the time it commences. (2) Except in such circumstances as may be prescribed, the portion commuted under sub-paragraph (1) must not exceed 25%. (3) Any reduction required to be made by virtue of paragraph 18 (compensation cap) must be made before determining the amount of the transferee's periodic compensation which may be commuted under this paragraph. (4) Where the transferee opts to commute any part of his or her periodic compensation under this paragraph, the lump sum payable under sub-paragraph (1) is the actuarial equivalent of the commuted portion of the periodic compensation calculated from tables designated for this purpose by the Board. (5) The Board must publish in such manner as it considers appropriate the tables designated by it for the purposes of sub-paragraph (4). (6) Regulations may prescribe the manner in which an option to commute periodic compensation under this paragraph may be exercised. (7) The Secretary of State may, by order, amend sub-paragraph (2) so as to substitute a different percentage for that for the time being specified there. Early payment of compensation 10 (1) Regulations may prescribe circumstances in which, and conditions subject to which, the transferee may become entitled to periodic compensation under paragraph 6 before attaining pension compensation age. (2) The Board must determine the amount of the actuarial reduction to be applied to compensation to which the transferee is entitled by virtue of this paragraph. (3) Where, by virtue of this paragraph, periodic compensation is payable to the transferee before he or she attains pension compensation age, paragraph 8(2)(b) (end of revaluation period) applies as if the reference to the day before the transferee attains pension compensation age were to the day on which compensation is payable by virtue of this paragraph. Deferral of compensation 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminal illness lump sum: eligibility 12 (1) This paragraph applies where all of the following conditions are met— (a) the transferee is terminally ill; (b) if the transferee lived to the relevant age, he or she would become entitled on attaining that age to compensation under paragraph 6 in respect of the pension compensation credit; (c) the transferee has not yet become entitled to any compensation under this Chapter in respect of the pension compensation credit; (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) The transferee may make an application to the Board to commute the future entitlement mentioned in sub-paragraph (1)(b) for a lump sum (“a terminal illness lump sum”) payable on the granting of the application. (3) For the purposes of this Chapter, a person is “terminally ill” at any time if at that time the person suffers from a progressive disease and the person's death in consequence of that disease can reasonably be expected within 12 months. (4) In this paragraph— ... “relevant age”, in relation to a person, means— in relation to compensation entitlement to which has been accelerated ... under regulations under paragraph 10..., the age at which the person becomes entitled to the compensation in accordance with the regulations; in relation to compensation entitlement to which has not been so accelerated or deferred, pension compensation age. (5) Sub-paragraph (6) applies where the commencement of a person's periodic compensation under paragraph 6 is postponed by virtue of paragraph 16A. (6) This paragraph applies as if— (a) the person first becomes entitled to compensation under paragraph 6 immediately after the period of postponement ends, and (b) in sub-paragraph (1)(b), for “if the transferee lived to the relevant age, he or she would become entitled on attaining that age” there were substituted “ if the period of postponement ended, the transferee would become entitled ”. Terminal illness lump sum: application and evidence 13 An application for a terminal illness lump sum— (a) must be made in writing, either on a form approved by the Board for the purposes of this paragraph or in such other manner as the Board may accept as sufficient in the circumstances of the case; (b) must be accompanied by such information as the Board may require for the purpose of determining the application. Terminal illness lump sum: determination of application 14 (1) The Board must determine an application for a terminal illness lump sum in accordance with this paragraph. (2) The Board must— (a) if satisfied that the conditions in paragraph 12(1) are met, grant the application; (b) in any other case (subject to sub-paragraph (3)), reject the application. (3) The Board may hold over the application for determination at a later date if it is satisfied that— (a) although the condition in paragraph 12(1)(a) is not met, the transferee suffers from a progressive disease and may become terminally ill within six months, and (b) the conditions in paragraph 12(1)(b) to (d) are met. Terminal illness lump sum: effect of successful application 15 (1) If the Board grants an application for a terminal illness lump sum, the transferee— (a) becomes entitled to a terminal illness lump sum calculated in accordance with this paragraph, and (b) loses the entitlement he or she otherwise would have had on attaining the relevant age to compensation under paragraph 6 in respect of the pension compensation credit. (2) The amount of the terminal illness lump sum is 2 times the amount to which the transferee would have been entitled under paragraph 6 in respect of the pension compensation credit in the year following the granting of the application, if he or she had attained the relevant age on the granting of the application. (3) In this paragraph “the relevant age” has the same meaning as in paragraph 12. (4) Where on the granting of the application the commencement of a person's periodic compensation under paragraph 6 is postponed by virtue of paragraph 16A, this paragraph applies as if the references to the transferee attaining the relevant age were references to the period of postponement ending. Terminal illness lump sum: information 16 (1) Relevant information held by the Secretary of State about an individual may be disclosed to the Board for use for a purpose relating to its functions under paragraphs 12 to 15. (2) In sub-paragraph (1), “relevant information” means information held for the purposes of any function of the Secretary of State relating to— (a) social security, or (b) any scheme made under section 286 of the Pensions Act 2004 (c. 35) (financial assistance scheme). Part 4 Provisions applicable irrespective of age of transferee on transfer day Postponement of compensation 16A (1) Regulations may prescribe circumstances in which, and conditions subject to which, a person who becomes entitled to periodic compensation under paragraph 4 or 6 may elect to postpone the commencement of periodic compensation under that paragraph. (2) Where the commencement of periodic compensation under paragraph 4 or 6 ceases to be postponed, the Board must determine— (a) the relevant amount, as at the time the periodic compensation would have commenced if its commencement had not been postponed, and (b) the amount in paragraph (a), increased in accordance with actuarial factors published by the Board. (3) References in this Schedule to the amount of an actuarial increase under this paragraph are to the difference between the amounts in sub-paragraphs (2)(a) and (2)(b). (4) In sub-paragraph (2) the “ relevant amount ” means (as appropriate)— (a) the amount mentioned in paragraph 4(3)(a), or (b) the aggregate of the amounts mentioned in paragraph 6(3)(a) and (b). Annual increase in periodic compensation 17 (1) This paragraph provides for annual increases to compensation payable to the transferee. (2) Subject to sub-paragraph (3), the transferee is entitled, on each indexation date, to an increase of— (a) where sub-paragraph (2A) applies, the amount mentioned in sub-paragraph (2E); (b) where sub-paragraph (2B) applies, the amount mentioned in sub-paragraph (2F); (c) where sub-paragraph (2C) applies, the amount mentioned in sub-paragraph (2G); (d) where sub-paragraph (2D) applies, the amount mentioned in sub-paragraph (2H). (2A) This sub-paragraph applies where— (a) the transferor's PPF compensation is payable in accordance with paragraph 3, 5, 8, 11, 15 or 22 of Schedule 7 to the Pensions Act 2004 (“the relevant Schedule 7 provisions”), and (b) immediately before the assessment date— (i) the admissible rules of the scheme in respect of which that compensation is payable included a requirement for all or any part of so much of the annual rate of a pension in payment under the scheme as is attributable to a person’s pre-1997 service to be increased annually, (ii) that requirement did not apply only in relation to a guaranteed minimum pension provided by the scheme or for the purposes of complying with a GMP equalisation obligation, and (iii) that requirement applied in relation to pre-1997 service in respect of which that compensation is payable. (2B) This sub-paragraph applies where— (a) the transferor's PPF compensation is payable in accordance with the relevant Schedule 7 provisions, (b) the scheme in respect of which that compensation is payable provided a guaranteed minimum pension that accrued during the GMP indexation period, (c) that accrual was in relation to GMP indexed service in respect of which that compensation is payable, and (d) sub-paragraph (2A) does not apply. (2C) This sub-paragraph applies where— (a) the transferor's PPF compensation is payable in accordance with the relevant Schedule 7 provisions, and (b) neither sub-paragraph (2A) nor sub-paragraph (2B) applies. (2D) This sub-paragraph applies where the transferor's PPF compensation is payable otherwise than in accordance with the relevant Schedule 7 provisions. (2E) The amount mentioned in this sub-paragraph is the aggregate of the appropriate percentage of the pre-1997 underlying rate and the appropriate percentage of the post-1997 underlying rate. (2F) The amount mentioned in this sub-paragraph is the aggregate of the appropriate percentage of the notional pre-1997 underlying rate and the appropriate percentage of the post-1997 underlying rate. (2G) The amount mentioned in this sub-paragraph is the appropriate percentage of the post-1997 underlying rate. (2H) The amount mentioned in this sub-paragraph is the appropriate percentage of the general underlying rate. (3) The increase to which the transferee is entitled on the first indexation date is restricted to 1/12 of the amount calculated under sub-paragraph (2E), (2F), (2G) or (2H) (as the case may be) for each full month in the period beginning with the transfer day and ending with that indexation date. (3A) For the purposes of sub-paragraphs (2A) to (2C)— (a) in any case where it is unclear to the Board whether, immediately before the assessment date, the admissible rules of the scheme included a requirement of the kind mentioned in sub-paragraph (2A)(b)(i), those sub-paragraphs have effect as if the scheme included such a requirement; (b) in any case where it is unclear to the Board whether, immediately before the assessment date, a requirement of the scheme of a kind mentioned in sub-paragraph (2A)(b)(i) (including such a requirement included by virtue of paragraph (a)) applied in relation to particular pre-1997 service, those sub-paragraphs have effect as if the requirement applied in relation to such service; (c) in any case where it is unclear to the Board whether the scheme provided a guaranteed minimum pension that accrued during the GMP indexation period, those sub-paragraphs have effect as if the scheme so provided; (d) in any case where it is unclear to the Board whether the accrual of a guaranteed minimum pension provided by the scheme (including by virtue of paragraph (c)) was in relation to particular GMP indexed service, those sub-paragraphs have effect as if the accrual was in relation to such service. (4) For the purposes of sub-paragraphs (2) to (2H)— “the appropriate percentage”, as at an indexation date, is the lesser of— the percentage increase in the general level of prices in Great Britain for the period of 12 months ending with the 31 May last falling before that date, and 2.5%; “the indexation date” means— the 1 January next falling after the transferee first becomes entitled to the periodic compensation, and each subsequent 1 January during the transferee's lifetime; “the general underlying rate”, as at an indexation date, is the aggregate of— the general indexed proportion of the aggregate of the initial annual rate of compensation and (in the case of compensation payable under paragraph 6), the revaluation amount, so much of any actuarial increase under paragraph 16A as relates to the amount in paragraph (a), and so much of any annual increase to which the transferee is entitled under this paragraph in respect of earlier indexation dates as relates to the amounts in paragraphs (a) and (b); “the notional pre-1997 underlying rate”, as at an indexation date, is the aggregate of— the notional pre-1997 indexed proportion of the aggregate of the initial annual rate of compensation and (in the case of compensation payable under paragraph 6), the revaluation amount, so much of any actuarial increase under paragraph 16A as relates to the amount in paragraph (a), and so much of any annual increase to which the transferee is entitled under this paragraph in respect of earlier indexation dates as relates to the amounts in paragraphs (a) and (b); “the post-1997 underlying rate”, as at an indexation date, is the aggregate of— the post-1997 indexed proportion of the aggregate of the initial annual rate of compensation and (in the case of compensation payable under paragraph 6), the revaluation amount, so much of any actuarial increase under paragraph 16A as relates to the amount in paragraph (a), and so much of any annual increase to which the transferee is entitled under this paragraph in respect of earlier indexation dates as relates to the amounts in paragraphs (a) and (b); “the pre-1997 underlying rate”, as at an indexation date, is the aggregate of— the pre-1997 indexed proportion of the aggregate of the initial annual rate of compensation and (in the case of compensation payable under paragraph 6), the revaluation amount, so much of any actuarial increase under paragraph 16A as relates to the amount in paragraph (a), and so much of any annual increase to which the transferee is entitled under this paragraph in respect of earlier indexation dates as relates to the amounts in paragraphs (a) and (b). (4A) For the purposes of paragraph (a) of the definition of “the appropriate percentage” in sub-paragraph (4), the Secretary of State may (from time to time) decide, as the Secretary of State thinks fit, the manner in which percentage increases in the general level of prices in Great Britain are to be determined. (4B) The Secretary of State must publish any decision made under sub-paragraph (4A). (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6A) For the purposes of paragraph (a) of the definition of “the general underlying rate”, “the general indexed proportion” is such proportion as is determined in accordance with regulations made by the Secretary of State. (6B) For the purposes of paragraph (a) of the definition of “the notional pre-1997 underlying rate”, “the notional pre-1997 indexed proportion” is such proportion of the amount mentioned in sub-paragraph (3)(a) of the paragraph of Schedule 7 to the Pensions Act 2004 under which the transferor’s PPF compensation is payable that is attributable to pre-1997 service as may be prescribed. (6C) For the purposes of paragraph (a) of the definition of “the post-1997 underlying rate”, “the post-1997 indexed proportion” is the proportion of the amount mentioned in sub-paragraph (3)(a) of the paragraph of that Schedule under which the transferor’s PPF compensation is payable that is attributable to post-1997 service. (6D) For the purposes of paragraph (a) of the definition of “the pre-1997 underlying rate”, “the pre-1997 indexed proportion” is the proportion of the amount mentioned in sub-paragraph (3)(a) of the paragraph of that Schedule under which the transferor’s PPF compensation is payable that is attributable to pre-1997 service. (7) Where the compensation payable to the transferee is— (a) reduced as a result of the commutation of periodic compensation under paragraph 9, or (b) restricted under regulations under paragraph 18 (compensation cap), the references in paragraph (a) of the definition of “the general underlying rate”, the definition of “the notional pre-1997 underlying rate”, the definition of “the post-1997 underlying rate” and the definition of “the pre-1997 underlying rate” in sub-paragraph (4) above to the initial annual compensation rate and the revaluation amount are to that rate and that amount as so restricted or reduced (and paragraph (aa) of the definition applies accordingly). (7A) Where the commencement of periodic compensation has been postponed by virtue of paragraph 16A, this paragraph applies as if the transferee first becomes entitled to the periodic compensation on the day on which the periodic compensation commences. (8) The definition of “the appropriate percentage” in sub-paragraph (4) is subject to paragraph 20 (power of Board to alter rates of revaluation and indexation). (9) In this paragraph— “GMP equalisation obligation” has the same meaning as in paragraph 28 of Schedule 7 to the Pensions Act 2004 (annual increase in periodic pension compensation); “GMP indexation period” means the period beginning with 6 April 1988 and ending with 5 April 1997; “guaranteed minimum pension” has the same meaning as in the Pension Schemes Act 1993 (see section 8(2) of that Act); “post-1997 service”, “pre-1997 service” and “GMP indexed service” have the same meaning as in paragraph 28 of Schedule 7 to the Pensions Act 2004; “the assessment date” and “admissible rules”, in relation to a pension scheme, have the same meaning as in that Schedule (see paragraphs 2 and 35 of that Schedule); “the commutation percentage”, in relation to periodic compensation, means the percentage of that compensation commuted under paragraph 9. Compensation cap 18 (1) The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision for restricting the amount of periodic compensation payable under this Schedule in a case in which, on the transfer day, the transferor is not entitled to present payment of PPF compensation. (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation in form of dependant's benefits 19 (1) The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision for compensation to be payable to— (a) prescribed descriptions of partners, or (b) prescribed descriptions of dependants, of prescribed descriptions of transferees. (2) The regulations may, in particular— (a) provide for compensation in the form of periodic or lump sum payments; (b) provide for periodic compensation to be payable for a prescribed period; (c) apply paragraph 17 (annual increases in respect of periodic compensation), with or without modifications, in respect of compensation in the form of periodic payments. Board's power to alter rates of revaluation and indexation 20 (1) The Board may determine the percentage that is to be— (a) the maximum revaluation rate for the purposes of paragraph 8(4)(b); (b) the appropriate percentage— (i) of the pre-1997 underlying rate and of the notional pre-1997 underlying rate for the purposes of sub-paragraphs (2E) and (2F) of paragraph 17; (ii) of the post-1997 underlying rate for the purposes of sub-paragraphs (2E), (2F) and (2G) of that paragraph; (iii) of the general underlying rate for the purposes of sub-paragraph (2H) of that paragraph. (2) Before making a determination under this paragraph the Board must— (a) consult such persons as it considers appropriate, and (b) publish details of the proposed determination in such manner as it considers appropriate and consider any representations made in respect of it. (3) The rate determined under this paragraph may be nil. (4) A determination under this paragraph may be expressed so as to have effect for a limited period. (5) A determination under sub-paragraph (1)(b)— (a) has effect in relation to future increases under paragraph 17 only, and (b) may be expressed to have effect— (i) in all cases (whether the entitlement to the periodic compensation first arose before or after the date the determination is made), or (ii) only in cases where entitlement to the periodic compensation first arose on or after a date determined by the Board. (5A) A determination under sub-paragraph (1)(b) which has effect as mentioned in sub-paragraph (5)(b)(ii) may provide that, where the payment of periodic compensation to the transferee is postponed by virtue of paragraph 16A, the determination applies as if the transferee first becomes entitled to the periodic compensation on the day on which the periodic compensation commences. (6) Notice of any determination under this paragraph must be published in such manner as the Board considers appropriate.