(a) A registered agent may resign his agency appointment by signing and delivering to the secretary of state for filing the signed original and one (1) exact or conformed copy of a statement of resignation for each entity from which the registered agent resigns. The statement may include a statement that the registered office is also discontinued. The statement of resignation shall state that the registered agent has sent notice to each affected entity at least thirty (30) days prior to the filing of the statement of resignation to the address of the entity last known to the registered agent. The statement shall be addressed to any officer or other authorized person of the entity other than the registered agent.
(b) Upon receiving the resignation of a registered agent where no successor is appointed, the entity shall provide the secretary of state with a statement of change in compliance with W.S. 17-28-102(a) within thirty (30) days following receipt by the business entity of the statement of resignation by a registered agent.
(c) A registered agent may resign his agency appointment and appoint a new registered agent that complies with W.S. 17-28-101(a) by signing and delivering to the secretary of state on a statement of change of registered agent form designated by the secretary of state:
(i) A signed original and one (1) exact or conformed copy of a statement of resignation for each entity from which the registered agent resigns;
(ii) A statement from each affected entity ratifying and approving the appointment of the new registered agent;
(iii) A statement designating a new registered office for each entity affected; and
(iv) A statement from the new registered agent certifying his compliance with all requirements of this chapter and acknowledging his appointment to serve as registered agent for each entity affected.
(d) The agency appointment is terminated, and the registered office discontinued if so provided, on the date on which the statement of resignation was filed under subsections
(a) and (b) of this section. The agency appointment is terminated, the registered office discontinued if so provided, and the new registered agent and registered office are effective on the date on which the statement of change of registered agent was filed under subsection (c) of this section.
(e) If an agency appointment is terminated under the provisions of this section and no successor is appointed, service of process on the business entity shall be upon the secretary of state until a new appointment is made or until the entity is administratively dissolved or revoked.
(f) Upon receipt of resignation by a registered agent where no successor is appointed, the secretary of state shall classify the entity as delinquent awaiting administrative dissolution, revocation or forfeiture of its articles of organization as appropriate.
(g) Failure of a commercial registered agent to renew registration pursuant to W.S. 17-28-106 shall constitute a resignation of the registered agent pursuant to this section for purposes of administrative dissolution, revocation or forfeiture of the entities represented, but the registered agent shall remain responsible for all the requirements of this chapter with respect to each entity represented until a new registered agent is appointed, the registered agent has resigned in accordance with subsection (a) of this section or until the entity is administratively dissolved, revoked or its authority to transact business is forfeited.
(a) A business entity's registered agent, or the natural person having an agency relationship with the registered agent as provided in W.S. 17-28-101(a), shall accept service of process, notice, or demand required or permitted by law that is served on the entity. The secretary of state may provide service of process, notice or demand by electronic means.
(b) If a business entity has no registered agent, or the agent cannot with reasonable diligence be served, the entity may be served by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, addressed to the entity at its principal office. Service is perfected under this subsection at the earliest of:
(i) The date the entity receives the mail;
(ii) The date shown on the return receipt, if signed, either manually or in facsimile, on behalf of the entity; or
(iii) Five (5) days after its deposit in the United States mail, as evidenced by the postmark, if mailed postpaid and correctly addressed.
(c) A business entity may be served as provided in this section or as provided in the Wyoming Rules of Civil Procedure.
(d) Every entity shall provide to its registered agent, or to the secretary of state as provided in W.S. 17-28-107(b), and keep current the name, mailing address and physical address, if different, and business telephone number of a natural person who is an officer, director, limited liability company member or manager, managing partner or trustee of the entity who is authorized to receive communications from the registered agent and is deemed the designated communications contact for the entity. The designated communications contact for the entity shall not be the entity's registered agent or an employee of the entity's registered agent unless the registered agent is the entity's officer, director, limited liability company member or manager, managing partner or trustee.
(e) Upon formation of a business entity, the business entity shall execute a consent to service by electronic means for use in the limited circumstances where the business entity has no registered agent or where the agent cannot with reasonable diligence be served. Upon acceptance of a summons in accordance with the limited circumstances specified in this subsection, the secretary of state may elect to serve the business entity by electronic means in lieu of the process specified in subsection (b) of this section. Service is perfected under this subsection on the date the electronic communication is sent to the business entity.
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, no person shall transact business in this state as a registered agent unless the person is registered with the secretary of state in accordance with the provisions of this section and W.S. 17-28-106. Violation of this section is punishable under W.S. 17-28-109.
(b) The registration requirements of this section and W.S. 17-28-106 shall not apply to a person who serves as registered agent for ten (10) or fewer business entities, unless the registered agent is serving as registered agent for an entity or entities that is serving as registered agent for more than ten (10) business entities.
(c) Any person claiming to be exempt from registration requirements based upon the provisions of subsection (b) of this section shall have the burden of proving the exemption in any administrative or other civil action.
(d) For purposes of W.S. 17-28-106, "commercial registered agent" means a registered agent required to register under this section.
(e) A commercial registered agent shall not:
(i) Have been convicted of any felony;
(ii) Have any officer, director, partner, manager or other authorized person who has been convicted of any felony;
(iii) Engage in conduct in connection with acting as a registered agent that is intended or likely to deceive or defraud the public; nor
(iv) Have any officer, director, partner, manager or other authorized person whose ability to act as a registered agent has been revoked by the secretary of state or a comparable official in another state for engaging in conduct in connection with acting as a registered agent that is intended or likely to deceive or defraud the public, or who was an officer, director, partner, manager or other authorized person of an entity whose ability to act as a registered agent has been so revoked.
(a) A commercial registered agent shall obtain a registration by filing an application with the secretary of state. The application shall be executed and sworn under penalty of perjury and contain information the secretary of state requires by rule including:
(i) The legal name of the applicant;
(ii) The applicant's physical street address of its registered office in this state where service may be made. A separate mailing address may be included in addition to the physical street address;
(iii) Whether the applicant, or in the case of a corporation or other business entity its officers or directors, members, partners or persons serving in a similar capacity, has ever been convicted of a felony;
(iv) The name, address and phone number of the person who has authority to act on behalf of the commercial registered agent;
(v) A statement that the applicant is eighteen (18) years or older if the applicant is a natural person;
(vi) The name, physical street address, phone number and normal business hours of the registered office where the natural person with whom the agent has an agency agreement for purposes of receiving service of process, if applicable may be served;
(vii) The applicant's email address where service may be made by the secretary of state;
(viii) Other information the secretary of state deems appropriate in the registration and identification of registered agents.
(b) Every applicant for registration shall pay a filing fee as set by rule adopted pursuant to this chapter. The fee, other than the late filing fee provided in subsection (c) of this section, shall be designed to recover the cost of administering the provisions of this chapter relating to registered agents. If an application is withdrawn or denied, the secretary of state shall retain the entire fee.
(c) Registration of a commercial registered agent shall be valid for the calendar year of registration and shall expire December 31 of each year subject to the following:
(i) Renewal of registration shall be made by paying the annual registration fee by November 30 of each calendar year;
(ii) Any person acting as a commercial registered agent who renews the registration between December 1 and December 31 shall pay an additional late registration fee equal to the annual filing fee;
(iii) Any person who acts as a commercial registered agent after the expiration of his registration on December 31 of each year and willfully or by neglect fails to renew such registration as provided in this subsection shall be acting in violation of this act. Renewal of a commercial agent registration after December 31 shall be accompanied by a late renewal fee of five hundred dollars ($500.00) plus an administrative fee which reflects the reasonable costs incurred by the secretary of state for notification of the entities, represented by the commercial registered agent, classified as delinquent awaiting administrative dissolution, revocation or forfeiture of its authority to transact business as provided in W.S. 17-28-103(f);
(iv) All fees shall be paid in full prior to any reregistration as a commercial registered agent.
(d) The secretary of state may publish or cause a listing of registrants to be disseminated to interested persons under such rules as the secretary of state prescribes.
17-28-107. Duties of the registered agent; duties of the entity.
(a) The registered agent shall:
(i) Maintain a physical address in accordance with W.S. 17-28-102(a)(ii) and as defined by the secretary of state by rule and maintain an email address as required by W.S. 17-28-101(e);
(ii) Accept service of process in accordance with W.S. 17-28-104(a);
(iii) Maintain the address of record to which all service of process is to be delivered for each entity represented;
(iv) Register as a commercial registered agent pursuant to W.S. 17-28-105 if applicable; and
(v) Maintain at the registered office, the following information for each domestic entity represented which shall be current within sixty (60) days of any change until the entity's first annual report is accepted for filing with the secretary of state and thereafter when the annual report is due for filing and shall be maintained in a format that can be reasonably produced on demand:
(A) Names and addresses of each entity's directors, officers, limited liability company managers, managing partners, trustees or persons serving in a similar capacity;
(B) The name, physical address and business telephone number of a natural person who is authorized to receive communications from the registered agent as specified in W.S. 17-28-104(d);
(C) A copy of the written contract or agreement creating an agency relationship between the registered agent and a natural person with respect to accepting service of process on behalf of each business entity represented by the registered agent.
(b) If the registered agent and the entity agree, the entity shall file with the secretary of state the information specified in paragraph (a)(iii) and subdivisions (a)(v)(A) and
(B) of this section and the information specified in W.S. 17-28-104(d). As verification of the agreement, the entity shall file with the secretary of state a consent form, as provided by that office, which acknowledges the entity's election under this subsection. If the information or form acknowledging the entity's election is filed with the secretary of state, then the registered agent has complied with the requirement to maintain such information under this section.
(a) All records maintained pursuant to W.S. 17-28-107 are subject to periodic, special or other examination by the secretary of state or his representatives as deemed necessary or appropriate in investigations.
(b) The secretary of state may compel production of records required to be maintained pursuant to W.S. 17-28-107 in accordance with the provisions of the Wyoming Administrative Procedure Act.
(c) The secretary of state shall hold any records obtained pursuant to this section confidential except for information already on file with the secretary of state as part of a public document and information required to be in the annual report required by W.S. 17-16-1630(a). The secretary of state may release any such confidential information only pursuant to court ordered subpoena or to a bona fide law enforcement agency for use in a criminal investigation.
(d) Failure to produce or denial of access to records maintained pursuant to W.S. 17-28-107 to the secretary of state on demand or failure to answer a validly issued and enforceable subpoena shall be punishable as provided in W.S. 17-28-109.
(e) Any business entity which provides false records required to be maintained pursuant to W.S. 17-28-107 to the entity's registered agent shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000.00), or by imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months, or both.
(a) The secretary of state may impose a civil penalty not to exceed five hundred dollars ($500.00) for each violation, with respect to each entity represented, of this chapter for which no other specific penalty is provided, and may deny or revoke any registration, require enhanced recordkeeping and refuse to accept filings for business entities served by a registered agent if the registered agent, or in the case of registered agent that is a corporation or other business entity, its officers, directors, members, partners or persons serving in a similar capacity:
(i) Has failed to make application for registration as a commercial registered agent under W.S. 17-28-105 if applicable;
(ii) Has failed to maintain records as required by W.S. 17-28-107;
(iii) Cannot be served at the address of the registered office or the registered agent's email address;
(iv) Has willfully violated or willfully failed to comply with any provision of this chapter; or
(v) Cannot be located at the address on the application provided to the secretary of state.
(b) A registered agent has complied with W.S. 17-28-107 if he has timely requested from the entity, either by certified letter or through an engagement letter or other similar document, that the required information be provided and be kept current within sixty (60) days of any change until the entity's first annual report is accepted for filing with the secretary of state. It shall be a defense to an action under paragraph (a)(ii) of this section if the registered agent notifies the secretary of state of the entity's failure to provide the required information or of the registered agent's belief that the information is inaccurate, and the registered agent resigns within sixty (60) days after the date the certified letter requesting information has been sent. No fee shall be assessed a registered agent resigning pursuant to this subsection.
(c) The secretary of state may deny or revoke the registration of a registered agent who has been convicted of any felony or has had an application for commercial registered agent denied or revoked, or in the case of a registered agent that is a corporation or other business entity, its officers, directors, members, partners or persons serving in a similar capacity have been convicted of any felony or have had an application for commercial registered agent denied or revoked.
(d) In any action pursuant to this section the prevailing party may recover costs of investigation, court costs and attorney's fees.
(e) It shall be a defense to any violation under this section if the agent, in the exercise of reasonable diligence could not have known that:
(i) The information maintained by the agent is inaccurate;
(ii) The information provided by the entity represented is inaccurate; or
(iii) An entity used the registered agent's identity or address without the registered agent's knowledge or consent.
(f) The secretary of state may deny registration, require enhanced recordkeeping and refuse to accept filings from any registered agent pursuant to this section without a contested case hearing. If a contested case hearing is requested, this authority shall only apply until the hearing is resolved.
(g) Any penalty imposed against a registered agent pursuant to this act shall be paid pursuant to the final order as issued by the secretary of state. If the penalty is not paid within sixty (60) days of the order, or according to an alternate schedule indicated in the order, the secretary of state may refuse all filings by a registered agent until the penalty is paid. In addition, in the case of a registered agent that is a corporation or other business entity, the secretary of state may administratively dissolve the entity or revoke its certificate of authority if the penalty is not paid as provided in this subsection.
17-28-110. Reinstatement after administrative dissolution or revocation of authority.
(a) Except as otherwise provided by law for specific business entities, a business entity administratively dissolved or whose certificate of authority is revoked for violation of any provision of this chapter may apply to the secretary of state for reinstatement within two (2) years after the effective date of dissolution or revocation. Reinstatement may be denied by the secretary of state if the business entity has been the subject of secretary of state and law enforcement investigation pertaining to fraud or any other violation of state or federal law, or if there is other reason to believe the business entity was engaged in illegal operations.
(b) If the secretary of state determines that the business entity is in compliance with this chapter, he shall cancel the certificate of dissolution or revocation and prepare a certificate of reinstatement that recites his determination and the effective date of reinstatement, file the original of the certificate, and serve a copy on the business entity as provided in this chapter.
(c) When the reinstatement is effective, it relates back to and takes effect as of the effective date of the administrative dissolution or revocation and the business entity resumes carrying on its business as if the administrative dissolution or revocation had never occurred.
(d) Appeals of decisions of the secretary of state under this section may be made as provided in W.S. 17-16-1423.
(a) The secretary of state shall have the power reasonably necessary to perform the duties required of him by this chapter. The secretary of state shall promulgate reasonable rules and regulations necessary to carry out the purposes of this chapter.
(b) The Financial Technology Sandbox Act shall apply to this chapter.
(a) As used in this chapter:
(i) "Articles of organization" means the articles required by W.S. 17-29-201(b). The term includes the articles as amended or restated;
(ii) "Contribution" means any benefit provided by a person to a limited liability company:
(A) In order to become a member upon formation of the company and in accordance with an agreement between or among the persons that have agreed to become the initial members of the company;
(B) In order to become a member after formation of the company and in accordance with an agreement between the person and the company; or
(C) In the person's capacity as a member and in accordance with the operating agreement or an agreement between the member and the company.
(iii) "Debtor in bankruptcy" means a person that is the subject of:
(A) An order for relief under Title 11 of the United States Code or a successor statute of general application; or
(B) A comparable order under federal, state or foreign law governing insolvency.
(iv) "Designated office" means:
(A) The office of a registered agent that a limited liability company is required to designate and maintain under W.S. 17-28-101; or
(B) The principal office of a foreign limited liability company.
(v) "Distribution", except as otherwise provided in W.S. 17-29-405(g), means a transfer of money or other property from a limited liability company to another person on account of a transferable interest;
(vi) "Effective" with respect to a record required or permitted to be delivered to the secretary of state for filing under this article, means effective under W.S. 17-29-205(c);
(vii) "Foreign limited liability company" means an unincorporated entity formed under the law of a jurisdiction other than this state and denominated by that law as a limited liability company or which appears to the secretary of state to possess characteristics sufficiently similar to those of a limited liability company organized under this chapter;
(viii) "Limited liability company", except in the phrase "foreign limited liability company", means an entity formed under this chapter;
(ix) "Low profit limited liability company" means a limited liability company that has set forth in its articles of organization a business purpose that satisfies, and which limited liability company is at all times operated to satisfy, each of the following requirements:
(A) The entity significantly furthers the accomplishment of one (1) or more charitable or educational purposes within the meaning of section 170(c)(2)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code and would not have been formed but for the entity's relationship to the accomplishment of charitable or educational purposes;
(B) No significant purpose of the entity is the production of income or the appreciation of property provided, however, that the fact that an entity produces significant income or capital appreciation shall not, in the absence of other factors, be conclusive evidence of a significant purpose involving the production of income or the appreciation of property; and
(C) No purpose of the entity is to accomplish one (1) or more political or legislative purposes within the meaning of section 170(c)(2)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code.
(x) "Manager" means a person that under the operating agreement of a manager-managed limited liability company is responsible, alone or in concert with others, for performing the management functions stated in W.S. 17-29-407(c);
(xi) "Manager-managed limited liability company" means a limited liability company that qualifies under W.S. 17-29-407(a);
(xii) "Member" means a person that has become a member of a limited liability company under W.S. 17-29-401 and has not dissociated under W.S. 17-29-602;
(xiii) "Member-managed limited liability company" means a limited liability company that is not a manager-managed limited liability company;
(xiv) "Operating agreement" means the agreement, whether or not referred to as an operating agreement and whether oral, in a record, implied or in any combination thereof, of all the members of a limited liability company, including a sole member, concerning the matters described in W.S. 17-29-110(a). The term includes the agreement as amended or restated;
(xv) "Organizer" means a person that acts under W.S. 17-29-201 to form a limited liability company;
(xvi) "Person" means as defined by W.S. 8-1-102(a)(vi);
(xvii) "Principal office" means the principal executive office of a limited liability company or foreign limited liability company, whether or not the office is located in this state;
(xviii) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form;
(xix) "Sign" or "signature" includes any manual, facsimile, conformed or electronic signature;
(xx) "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States;
(xxi) "Transfer" includes an assignment, conveyance, deed, bill of sale, lease, mortgage, security interest, encumbrance, gift or transfer by operation of law;
(xxii) "Transferable interest" means the right, as originally associated with a person's capacity as a member, to receive distributions from a limited liability company in accordance with the operating agreement, whether or not the person remains a member or continues to own any part of the right;
(xxiii) "Transferee" means a person to which all or part of a transferable interest has been transferred, whether or not the transferor is a member;
(xxiv) "Financial institution" means a bank, savings and loan association or state chartered credit union;
(xxv) "Majority of the members," unless the operating agreement provides otherwise, means:
(A) For a limited liability company formed before July 1, 2010, more than fifty percent (50%) of its membership interests based on each member’s proportionate contribution to the capital of the limited liability company, as adjusted from time to time to properly reflect any additional contributions or withdrawals by the members, unless the limited liability company amends its articles of organization to provide otherwise;
(B) For a limited liability company formed on or after July 1, 2010, a per capita majority of the members.
(a) A person knows a fact when the person:
(i) Has actual knowledge of it; or
(ii) Is deemed to know it under paragraph (d)(i) of this section or law other than this chapter.
(b) A person has notice of a fact when the person:
(i) Has reason to know the fact from all of the facts known to the person at the time in question; or
(ii) Is deemed to have notice of the fact under paragraph (d)(ii) of this section.
(c) A person notifies another of a fact by taking steps reasonably required to inform the other person in ordinary course, whether or not the other person knows the fact.
(d) A person that is not a member is deemed:
(i) To know of a limitation on authority to transfer real property as provided in W.S. 17-29-302(g); and
(ii) To have notice of a limited liability company's:
(A) Dissolution, ninety (90) days after articles of dissolution under W.S. 17-29-702(b)(ii)(A) and the limitation on the member's or manager's authority as a result of the statement of dissolution becomes effective;
(B) Reserved; and
(C) Merger, conversion, continuance, transfer or domestication, ninety (90) days after articles of merger, conversion, continuance, transfer or domestication under article 10 of this chapter become effective.
17-29-104. Nature, purpose and duration of limited liability company.
(a) A limited liability company is an entity distinct from its members.
(b) A limited liability company may have any lawful purpose, regardless of whether for profit.
(c) A limited liability company has perpetual duration.
(d) Limited liability companies may be organized under this chapter for any lawful purpose, except for the purpose of acting as a financial institution or acting as an insurer as defined in W.S. 26-1-102(a)(xvi).
(e) Nothing in this chapter shall be interpreted as precluding an individual whose occupation requires licensure under Wyoming law from forming a limited liability company if the applicable licensing statutes do not prohibit it and the licensing body does not prohibit it by rule or regulation adopted consistent with the appropriate licensing statute. No limited liability company may offer professional services or practice a profession except by and through its licensed members or licensed employees, each of whom shall retain his professional license in good standing and shall remain as fully liable and responsible for his professional activities, and subject to all rules, regulations, standards and requirements pertaining thereto, as though practicing individually rather than in a limited liability company.
A limited liability company has the capacity to sue and be sued in its own name and the power to do all things necessary or convenient to carry on its activities.
(a) The law of this state governs:
(i) The internal affairs of a limited liability company; and
(ii) The liability of a member as member and a manager as manager for the debts, obligations or other liabilities of a limited liability company.
17-29-107. Supplemental principles of law; applicability.
(a) Unless displaced by particular provisions of this chapter, the principles of law and equity supplement this chapter.
(b) The Financial Technology Sandbox Act shall apply to this chapter.
(a) The words "limited liability company," or its abbreviations "LLC" or "L.L.C.," "limited company," or its abbreviations "LC" or "L.C.," "Ltd. liability company," "Ltd. liability co." or "limited liability co." shall be included in the name of every limited liability company formed under the provisions of this act except the name of a low profit limited liability company, as defined in W.S. 17-29-102(a)(ix) shall contain the abbreviations "L3C," "l3c," "low profit ltd. liability company," "low profit ltd. liability co." or "low profit limited liability co.". In addition, the limited liability company name may not:
(i) Contain a word or phrase which indicates or implies that it is organized for a purpose other than one (1) or more of the purposes contained in its articles of organization;
(ii) Be the same as, or deceptively similar to, any trademark or service mark registered in this state and shall be distinguishable upon the records of the secretary of state from other business names as provided in W.S. 17-16-401;
(iii) Contain a word or phrase which indicates or implies that it is organized under the Wyoming Business Corporation Act, the Wyoming Statutory Close Corporation Supplement or the Nonprofit Corporation Act.
(b) Nothing in this article shall prohibit the use of a tradename in accordance with applicable law.
(a) A person may reserve the exclusive use of the name of a limited liability company, including a fictitious or assumed name for a foreign limited liability company whose name is not available, by delivering an application to the secretary of state for filing. The application must state the name and address of the applicant and the name proposed to be reserved. If the secretary of state finds that the name for which application has been made is available, it shall be reserved for the applicant's exclusive use for a one hundred twenty (120) day period.
(b) The owner of a name reserved for a limited liability company may transfer the reservation to another person by delivering to the secretary of state for filing a signed notice of the transfer which states the name and address of the transferee.
17-29-110. Operating agreement; scope, function and limitations.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and
(c) of this section, the operating agreement governs all of the following:
(i) Relations among the members as members and between the members and the limited liability company;
(ii) The rights and duties under this chapter of a person in the capacity of manager;
(iii) The activities of the company and the conduct of those activities;
(iv) The means and conditions for amending the operating agreement;
(v) Management rights and voting rights of members;
(vi) Transferability of membership interests;
(vii) Distributions to members prior to dissolution;
(viii) All other aspects of the management of the limited liability company.
(b) To the extent the operating agreement does not otherwise provide for a matter described in subsection (a) of this section, this chapter governs the matter.
(c) An operating agreement shall not:
(i) Vary a limited liability company's capacity under W.S. 17-29-105 to sue and be sued in its own name;
(ii) Vary the law applicable under W.S 17-29-106;
(iii) Vary the power of the court under W.S. 17-29-204;
(iv) Reserved;
(v) Eliminate the contractual obligation of good faith and fair dealing under W.S. 17-29-409(d);
(vi) Unreasonably restrict the duties and rights stated in W.S. 17-29-410;
(vii) Vary the power of a court to decree dissolution in the circumstances specified in W.S. 17-29-701(a)(iv) and (v);
(viii) Vary the requirement to wind up a limited liability company's business as specified in W.S. 17-29-702(a) and (b)(i);
(ix) Unreasonably restrict the right of a member to maintain an action under article 9 of this chapter;
(x) Reserved; or
(xi) Reserved.
liability company and persons becoming members; preformation agreement.
(a) A limited liability company is bound by and may enforce the operating agreement, whether or not the company has itself manifested assent to the operating agreement.
(b) A person that becomes a member of a limited liability company is deemed to assent to the operating agreement.
(c) Two (2) or more persons intending to become the initial members of a limited liability company may make an agreement providing that upon the formation of the company the agreement will become the operating agreement. One (1) person intending to become the initial member of a limited liability company may assent to terms providing that upon the formation of the company the terms will become the operating agreement.
17-29-112. Operating agreement; effect on third parties
and relationship to records effective on behalf of limited liability company.
(a) An operating agreement may specify that its amendment requires the approval of a person that is not a party to the operating agreement or the satisfaction of a condition. An amendment is ineffective if its adoption does not include the required approval or satisfy the specified condition.
(b) The obligations of a limited liability company and its members to a person in the person's capacity as a transferee or dissociated member are governed by the operating agreement. An amendment to the operating agreement made after a person becomes a transferee or dissociated member is effective with regard to any debt, obligation or other liability of the limited liability company or its members to the person in the person's capacity as a transferee or dissociated member.
(c) If a record that has been delivered by a limited liability company to the secretary of state for filing and has become effective under this chapter contains a provision that would be ineffective under W.S. 17-29-110(c) if contained in the operating agreement, the provision is likewise ineffective in the record.
(d) Subject to subsection (c) of this section, if a record that has been delivered by a limited liability company to the secretary of state for filing and has become effective under this chapter conflicts with a provision of the operating agreement:
(i) The operating agreement prevails as to members, dissociated members, transferees and managers; and
(ii) The record prevails as to other persons to the extent they reasonably rely on the record.
17-29-113. Registered office and registered agent to be maintained.
(a) Each limited liability company shall have and continuously maintain in this state:
(i) A registered office as provided in W.S. 17-28-101 through 17-28-111;
(ii) A registered agent as provided in W.S. 17-28-101 through 17-28-111.
(b) The provisions of W.S. 17-28-101 through 17-28-111 shall apply to all limited liability companies.
17-29-114. Foreign limited liability companies; operation; revocation and reinstatement of certificates of authority.
To the extent not inconsistent with this act or the provisions of the Wyoming Business Corporations Act, a foreign limited liability company shall do business in Wyoming by complying with the provisions of W.S. 17-16-1501 through 17-16-1536 in the same manner as a foreign corporation. A foreign limited liability company's certificate of authority shall be revoked or reinstated in the manner provided for foreign corporations in W.S. 17-16-1530 through 17-16-1532.
17-29-201. Formation of limited liability company; articles of organization.
(a) One (1) or more persons may act as organizers to form a limited liability company by signing and delivering to the secretary of state for filing articles of organization.
(b) Articles of organization shall state:
(i) The name of the limited liability company, which must comply with W.S. 17-29-108;
(ii) The street address of the limited liability company's initial registered office and the name of its initial registered agent at that office; and
(iii) Reserved.
(c) The articles of organization shall be accompanied by a written consent to appointment signed by the registered agent.
(d) Subject to W.S. 17-29-112(c), articles of organization may also contain statements as to matters other than those required by subsection (b) of this section. However, a statement in articles of organization is not effective as a statement of authority.
(e) The following rules apply:
(i) A limited liability company is formed when the articles of organization become effective, unless the articles state a delayed effective date pursuant to W.S. 17-29-205(c);
(ii) If the articles state a delayed effective date, a limited liability company is not formed if, before the articles take effect, a statement of cancellation is signed and delivered to the secretary of state for filing and the secretary of state files the articles;
(iii) Subject to any delayed effective date and except in a proceeding by this state to dissolve a limited liability company, the filing of the articles of organization by the secretary of state is conclusive proof that the organizer satisfied all conditions to the formation of a limited liability company.
17-29-202. Amendment or restatement of articles of organization.
(a) Articles of organization may be amended or restated at any time. Articles of organization shall be amended when:
(i) There is a change in the name of the limited liability company;
(ii) There is a false or erroneous statement in the articles of organization.
(b) To amend its articles of organization, a limited liability company must deliver to the secretary of state for filing an amendment stating:
(i) The name of the company;
(ii) The date of filing of its articles of organization; and
(iii) The changes the amendment makes to the articles as most recently amended or restated.
(c) To restate its articles of organization, a limited liability company shall deliver to the secretary of state for filing a restatement, designated as such in its heading, stating:
(i) In the heading or an introductory paragraph, the company's present name and the date of the filing of the company's initial articles of organization; and
(ii) The changes the restatement makes to the articles as most recently amended or restated.
(d) Subject to W.S. 17-29-112(c) and 17-29-205(c), an amendment to or restatement of articles of organization is effective when delivered for filing with the secretary of state.
(e) If a member of a member-managed limited liability company, or a manager of a manager-managed limited liability company, knows that any information in filed articles of organization was inaccurate when the articles were filed or has become inaccurate owing to changed circumstances, the member or manager shall promptly:
(i) Cause the articles to be amended; or
(ii) If appropriate, deliver to the secretary of state for filing a statement of correction under W.S. 17-28-102 or a statement of correction under W.S. 17-29-206.
17-29-203. Signing of records to be delivered for filing to secretary of state.
(a) A record delivered to the secretary of state for filing pursuant to this chapter shall be signed as follows:
(i) Except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (ii) through (iv) of this subsection, a record signed on behalf of a limited liability company shall be signed by a person authorized by the company;
(ii) A limited liability company's initial articles of organization shall be signed by at least one (1) person acting as an organizer;
(iii) Reserved;
(iv) A record filed on behalf of a dissolved limited liability company that has no members shall be signed by the person winding up the company's activities under W.S. 17-29-702(c) or a person appointed under W.S. 17-29-702(d) to wind up those activities;
(v) A statement of cancellation under W.S. 17-29-201(e)(ii) shall be signed by each organizer that signed the initial articles of organization, but a personal representative of a deceased or incompetent organizer may sign in the place of the decedent or incompetent;
(vi) A statement of denial by a person under W.S. 17-29-303 shall be signed by that person; and
(vii) Any other record shall be signed by the person on whose behalf the record is delivered to the secretary of state.
(b) Any record filed under this chapter may be signed by an agent.
17-29-204. Signing and filing pursuant to judicial order.
(a) If a person required by this chapter to sign a record or deliver a record to the secretary of state for filing under this chapter does not do so, any other person that is aggrieved may petition the appropriate court to order:
(i) The person to sign the record;
(ii) The person to deliver the record to the secretary of state for filing; or
(iii) The secretary of state to file the record unsigned.
(b) If a petitioner under subsection (a) of this section is not the limited liability company or foreign limited liability company to which the record pertains, the petitioner shall make the company a party to the action.
17-29-205. Delivery to and filing of records by secretary of state; effective time and date.
(a) A record authorized or required to be delivered to the secretary of state for filing under this chapter shall be captioned to describe the record's purpose, be in a medium permitted by the secretary of state, and be delivered to the secretary of state. If the filing fees required by this act or other law and any past due fees, taxes or penalties have been paid, unless the secretary of state determines that a record does not comply with the filing requirements of this chapter, the secretary of state shall file the record and:
(i) For a statement of denial under W.S. 17-29-303, send a copy of the filed statement and a receipt for the fees to the person on whose behalf the statement was delivered for filing and to the limited liability company; and
(ii) For all other records, send a copy of the filed record and a receipt for the fees to the person on whose behalf the record was filed.
(b) Upon request and payment of the requisite fee, the secretary of state shall send to the requester a certified copy of a requested record.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in W.S. 17-28-103 and 17-29-206, a record delivered to the secretary of state for filing under this article shall be effective as provided in W.S. 17-16-123.
(d) If the secretary of state refuses to file a record under subsection (a) of this section, the secretary of state shall return it to the limited liability company or its representative within fifteen (15) days after the record was delivered, together with a brief, written explanation of the reason for the refusal.
(a) A limited liability company or foreign limited liability company may deliver to the secretary of state for filing a statement of correction to correct a record previously delivered by the company to the secretary of state and filed by the secretary of state, if at the time of filing the record contained inaccurate information or was defectively signed.
(b) A statement of correction under subsection (a) of this section may not state a delayed effective date and shall:
(i) Describe the record to be corrected, including its filing date, or attach a copy of the record as filed;
(ii) Specify the inaccurate information and the reason it is inaccurate or the manner in which the signing was defective; and
(iii) Correct the defective signature or inaccurate information.
(c) When filed by the secretary of state, a statement of correction under subsection (a) of this section is effective retroactively as of the effective date of the record the statement corrects, but the statement is effective when filed:
(i) For the purposes of W.S. 17-29-103(d); and
(ii) As to persons that previously relied on the uncorrected record and would be adversely affected by the retroactive effect.
17-29-207. Liability for inaccurate information in filed record.
(a) If a record delivered to the secretary of state for filing under this chapter and filed by the secretary of state contains inaccurate information, a person that suffers a loss by reliance on the information may recover damages for the loss from:
(i) A person that signed the record, or caused another to sign it on the person's behalf, and knew the information to be inaccurate at the time the record was signed; and
(ii) Subject to subsection (b) of this section, a member of a member-managed limited liability company or the manager of a manager-managed limited liability company, if:
(A) The record was delivered for filing on behalf of the company; and
(B) The member or manager had notice of the inaccuracy for a reasonably sufficient time before the information was relied upon so that, before the reliance, the member or manager reasonably could have:
(I) Effected an amendment under W.S. 17-29-202;
(II) Filed a petition under W.S. 17-29-204; or
(III) Delivered to the secretary of state for filing a statement of correction under W.S. 17-28-102 or a statement of correction under W.S. 17-29-206.
(b) To the extent that the operating agreement of a member-managed limited liability company expressly relieves a member of responsibility for maintaining the accuracy of information contained in records delivered on behalf of the company to the secretary of state for filing under this chapter and imposes that responsibility on one (1) or more other members, the liability stated in paragraph (a)(ii) of this section applies to those other members and not to the member that the operating agreement relieves of the responsibility.
(c) An individual who signs a record authorized or required to be filed under this chapter affirms under penalty of perjury that the information stated in the record is accurate.
17-29-208. Certificate of existence or authorization.
(a) The secretary of state, upon request and payment of the requisite fee, shall furnish to any person a certificate of existence for a limited liability company if the records filed in the office of the secretary of state show that the company has been formed under W.S. 17-29-201 and the secretary of state has not filed articles of dissolution pertaining to the company. A certificate of existence shall state:
(i) The company's name;
(ii) That the company was duly formed under the laws of this state and the date of formation;
(iii) Whether all fees, taxes and penalties due under this chapter or other law to the secretary of state have been paid;
(iv) Whether the company's most recent annual report required by W.S. 17-29-209 has been filed by the secretary of state;
(v) Whether the secretary of state has administratively dissolved the company;
(vi) Whether the company has delivered to the secretary of state for filing articles of dissolution;
(vii) Reserved; and
(viii) Other facts of record in the office of the secretary of state which are specified by the person requesting the certificate.
(b) Subject to any qualification stated in the certificate, a certificate of existence or certificate of authorization issued by the secretary of state is conclusive evidence that the limited liability company is in existence.
(a) Every limited liability company organized under the laws of this state and every foreign limited liability company which obtains a certificate of authority to transact and carry on business within this state shall file with the secretary of state on or before the first day of the month of organization of every year a certification, under the penalty of perjury, by its treasurer or other fiscal agent setting forth its capital, property and assets located and employed in the state of Wyoming. The statement shall give the address of its principal office. On or before the first day of the month of organization of every year the limited liability company or foreign limited liability company shall pay to the secretary of state in addition to all other statutory taxes and fees a license fee based upon the sum of its capital, property and assets reported, of sixty dollars ($60.00) or two-tenths of one mill on the dollar ($.0002), whichever is greater.
(b) The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall be modified as follows:
(i) Any limited liability company or foreign limited liability company engaged in the public calling of carrying goods, passengers or information interstate is not required to comply with the provisions of subsection (a) of this section except to the extent of capital, property and assets used in intrastate business in this state;
(ii) The value of all mines and mining claims from which gold, silver and other precious metals, soda, saline, coal, mineral oil or other valuable deposit, is or shall be produced is deemed equivalent to the assessed value of the gross product thereof, for the previous year;
(iii) The assessed value of any property shall be its actual value.
(c) Financial information in the annual report shall be current as of the end of the limited liability company's or foreign limited liability company's fiscal year immediately preceding the date the annual report is executed on behalf of the company. All other information in the annual report shall be current as of the date the annual report is executed on behalf of the company.
(d) If an annual report does not contain the information required by this section, the secretary of state shall promptly notify the reporting domestic or foreign limited liability company in writing and return the report to it for correction.
(e) Every limited liability company or foreign limited liability company registered or authorized to do business in the state of Wyoming shall preserve for three (3) years at its principal place of business, suitable records and books as may be necessary to determine the amount of fee for which it is liable under this section. All records and books shall be available for examination by the secretary of state or his designee during regular business hours except as arranged by mutual consent.
(a) The secretary of state shall charge and collect fees from limited liability companies and foreign limited liability companies for:
(i) Filing the original articles of organization, one hundred dollars ($100.00);
(ii) For amending the articles of organization, a filing fee of sixty dollars ($60.00);
(iii) An annual fee accompanying the report required in W.S. 17-29-209, due and payable on or before the date of the filing under W.S. 17-29-209;
(iv) Filing, service and copying fees for those services provided by his office for which a fee is not otherwise established. A fee shall not exceed the cost of providing the service;
(v) Issuing a certificate of authority for a foreign limited liability company, a filing fee of one hundred fifty dollars ($150.00).
(b) Except for articles of organization, any document to be filed with the secretary of state shall be signed by the member, members, manager, managers or other authorized individual as set forth in the operating agreement. A person signing a document, including the articles of organization, he knows is false in any material respect with intent that the document be delivered to the secretary of state for filing under this act is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000.00), by imprisonment for not more than six (6) months, or both.
(c) Any foreign limited liability company transacting business in this state without obtaining a certificate of authority as required by W.S. 17-16-1501 and 17-29-114 is subject to the penalties provided by W.S. 17-16-1502(d).
17-29-211. Series of members, managers, transferable interests or assets.
(a) An operating agreement may establish or provide for the establishment of one (1) or more designated series of members, managers, transferable interests or assets. This section shall govern any matter with respect to a series to the extent not otherwise provided in the operating agreement.
(b) Subject to subsection (c) of this section, if an operating agreement establishes or provides for the establishment of a particular series:
(i) The debts, obligations or other liabilities of the particular series, whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, shall be enforceable against the assets of the series only and not against:
(A) The assets of the limited liability company generally or any other series thereof;
(B) Any member of the limited liability company.
(ii) The debts, obligations or other liabilities of the limited liability company generally or any other series thereof, whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, shall not be enforceable against the assets of the particular series.
(c) The limitations on liabilities in subsection (b) of this section shall only apply if:
(i) The records for the particular series that account for the assets of the series are separately maintained from the records that account for the assets of the limited liability company or any other series thereof. Records that reasonably identify the assets of a particular series, including by specific listing, category, type, quantity, computational or allocational formula or procedure such as a percentage or share of assets or by any other method where the identity of the assets is objectively determinable, shall be deemed to account for the assets of the particular series separately from the assets of the limited liability company or any other series thereof;
(ii) The operating agreement specifically provides for the limitations on liabilities; and
(iii) Notice of the limitations on liabilities of the particular series is included in the articles of organization. Notice under this paragraph shall be sufficient whether or not the limited liability company has established or referenced any particular series in the notice.
(d) Nothing in this section, an operating agreement or articles of organization shall restrict:
(i) A series or limited liability company on behalf of a series from agreeing in the operating agreement or otherwise that any or all of the debts, obligations or other liabilities of the limited liability company generally or any other series thereof shall be enforceable against the assets of the series;
(ii) A limited liability company from agreeing in the operating agreement or otherwise that any or all of the debts, obligations or other liabilities of a series shall be enforceable against the assets of the limited liability company generally; or
(iii) Notwithstanding W.S. 17-29-304(a), a member or manager from agreeing in the operating agreement or otherwise to be personally liable for any or all of the debts, obligations or other liabilities of a series.
(e) A series established under this section shall have the power and capacity to, in its own name, contract, hold title to assets including real, personal and intangible property, grant liens and security interests and sue and be sued. A series may:
(i) Have separate rights, powers or duties with respect to specified property or obligations of the limited liability company or profits and losses associated with specified property or obligations;
(ii) Carry on any lawful purpose regardless of whether for profit, except for the purpose of acting as a financial institution or acting as an insurer as defined in W.S. 26-1-102(a)(xvi);
(iii) Hold assets directly or indirectly, including in the name of the series or the name of the limited liability company.
(f) An operating agreement that establishes or provides for the establishment of a series may:
(i) Provide for classes or groups of members or managers of the series having the relative rights, powers and duties specified in the operating agreement;
(ii) Provide for and specify the future creation of additional classes or groups of members or managers of the series having the relative rights, powers and duties as may be established, including rights, powers and duties senior to existing classes and groups of members or managers of the series;
(iii) Provide for the taking of an action, including the amendment of the operating agreement, without the vote or approval of any member or manager or class or group of members or managers of the series;
(iv) Provide that any member or class or group of members of a series shall have no voting rights;
(v) Grant to all or certain identified members or managers or class or group of members or managers of the series the right to vote on any matter separately or with all or any class or group of members or managers of the series. Voting by members or managers may be on a per capita, number, financial interest, class, group or other basis.
(g) The management of a series shall be vested as follows:
(i) In the members of the series pursuant to W.S. 17-29-407(b). A member shall cease to be a member of a series upon the divestment of all of the member's transferable interests of the series. The fact that a person ceases to be a member of a particular series shall not by itself cause the person to cease to be a member of the limited liability company or any other series thereof or cause the termination of the series, regardless of whether the person was the last remaining member of the series; or
(ii) If the operating agreement provides for the management of the series in whole or in part by a manager, the management shall be vested in one (1) or more managers who shall be chosen as provided in the operating agreement and who shall hold the offices and have the responsibilities as specified in the agreement. A manager shall cease to be a manager of a series as provided in an operating agreement and subject to W.S. 17-29-407(c)(v). The fact that a person ceases to be a manager of a particular series shall not by itself cause the person to cease to be a manager of the limited liability company or any other series thereof.
(h) Notwithstanding W.S. 17-29-404 and subject to subsections (j) and (m) of this section, if a member of a series becomes entitled to receive a distribution, the member has the status of, and is entitled to all remedies available to, a creditor of the series with respect to the distribution. An operating agreement may provide for the establishment of a record date for allocations and distributions associated with a series.
(j) Notwithstanding W.S. 17-29-405(a), a limited liability company may make a distribution with respect to a series that has been established under this section unless the total assets of the series after the distribution would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed, if the series were to be dissolved, wound up and terminated at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon winding up and termination of members whose preferential rights are superior to those of the persons receiving the distribution. A member that receives a distribution knowing that the distribution was made in violation of this subsection is personally liable to the series for the amount of the distribution. This subsection shall not affect any obligation or liability of a member under an agreement or other applicable law for the amount of a distribution, except that any action under this subsection shall be subject to W.S. 17-29-406(e). For purposes of this subsection, "distribution" does not include amounts constituting reasonable compensation for present or past services or reasonable payments made in the ordinary course of business under a bona fide retirement plan or other benefits program.
(k) Subject to W.S. 17-29-702, a series established under this section may be terminated and its affairs wound up without causing the dissolution of the limited liability company. The termination of the series shall not affect the limitations on liabilities of the series as provided in subsection (b) of this section. A series is terminated and its affairs shall be wound up upon the occurrence of any of the following:
(i) The dissolution of the limited liability company under W.S. 17-29-702;
(ii) The time or happening of events specified in the operating agreement;
(iii) The vote or consent of members of the series who own more than two-thirds (2/3) of the interests in the profits of the series; or
(iv) On application by a member or manager of the series, the entry of a court order terminating the series on the grounds that it is not reasonably practicable to carry on the purposes of the series in conformity with the operating agreement.
(m) A person winding up the affairs of a series may, in the name of the limited liability company and for and on behalf of the limited liability company and the series, take all actions with respect to the series as authorized by W.S. 17-29-702. The person shall provide for the claims and obligations of the series and distribute the assets of the series as provided in W.S. 17-29-708. Actions taken in accordance with this subsection shall not affect the liability of members and shall not impose liability on a liquidating trustee appointed in accordance with this subsection. Notwithstanding W.S. 17-29-702, the following persons may wind up the affairs of a series:
(i) A manager of the series who has not wrongfully terminated the series;
(ii) If the series has no manager who qualifies under paragraph (i) of this subsection, the members of the series or a person approved by the members;
(iii) The members who own more than fifty (50%) percent of the interests in the profits of the series;
(iv) On application of a member or manager of the series or any personal representative or assignee of the member or manager, and upon cause shown, a court or a liquidating trustee appointed by the court.
(n) A foreign limited liability company doing business in this state and governed by an operating agreement that establishes or provides for the establishment of one (1) or more designated series of members, managers, transferable interests or assets shall state the following on its certificate of authority:
(i) That the operating agreement of the foreign limited liability company establishes or provides for the establishment of series having separate rights, powers or duties with respect to specified property or obligations of the foreign limited liability company or profits and losses associated with specified property or obligations;
(ii) If any of the debts, obligations or other liabilities of any particular series, whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, shall be enforceable against the assets of the particular series only and not against the assets of the foreign limited liability company generally or any other series thereof;
(iii) If any of the debts, obligations or other liabilities of the foreign limited liability company generally or any other series thereof, whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, shall be enforceable against the assets of the particular series.
(o) The secretary of state shall charge and collect fees from limited liability companies and foreign limited liability companies establishing one (1) or more series in the amount of ten dollars ($10.00) per series designated or established under this section.
(a) A member is not an agent of a limited liability company solely by reason of being a member.
(b) A person's status as a member does not prevent or restrict law other than this chapter from imposing liability on a limited liability company because of the person's conduct.
(a) A limited liability company may deliver to the secretary of state for filing a statement of authority. The statement:
(i) Shall include the name of the company and the street and mailing addresses of its designated office;
(ii) With respect to any position that exists in or with respect to the company, may state the authority, or limitations on the authority, of all persons holding the position to:
(A) Execute an instrument transferring real property held in the name of the company; or
(B) Enter into other transactions on behalf of, or otherwise act for or bind, the company; and
(iii) May state the authority, or limitations on the authority, of a specific person to:
(A) Execute an instrument transferring real property held in the name of the company; or
(B) Enter into other transactions on behalf of, or otherwise act for or bind, the company.
(b) To amend or cancel a statement of authority filed by the secretary of state under W.S. 17-29-205(a), a limited liability company shall deliver to the secretary of state for filing an amendment or cancellation stating:
(i) The name of the company;
(ii) The street and mailing addresses of the company's designated office;
(iii) The caption of the statement being amended or cancelled and the date the statement being affected became effective; and
(iv) The contents of the amendment or a declaration that the statement being affected is cancelled.
(c) A statement of authority affects only the power of a person to bind a limited liability company to persons that are not members.
(d) Subject to subsection (c) of this section and W.S. 17-29-103(d) and except as otherwise provided in subsections (f), (g) and (h) of this section, a limitation on the authority of a person or a position contained in an effective statement of authority is not by itself evidence of knowledge or notice of the limitation by any person.
(e) Subject to subsection (c) of this section, a grant of authority not pertaining to transfers of real property and contained in an effective statement of authority is conclusive in favor of a person that gives value in reliance on the grant, except to the extent that when the person gives value:
(i) The person has knowledge to the contrary;
(ii) The statement has been cancelled or restrictively amended under subsection (b) of this section; or
(iii) A limitation on the grant is contained in another statement of authority that became effective after the statement containing the grant became effective.
(f) Subject to subsection (c) of this section, an effective statement of authority that grants authority to transfer real property held in the name of the limited liability company and that is recorded by certified copy in the office for recording transfers of the real property is conclusive in favor of a person that gives value in reliance on the grant without knowledge to the contrary, except to the extent that when the person gives value:
(i) The statement has been cancelled or restrictively amended under subsection (b) of this section and a certified copy of the cancellation or restrictive amendment has been recorded in the office for recording transfers of the real property; or
(ii) A limitation on the grant is contained in another statement of authority that became effective after the statement containing the grant became effective and a certified copy of the later effective statement is recorded in the office for recording transfers of the real property.
(g) Subject to subsection (c) of this section, if a certified copy of an effective statement containing a limitation on the authority to transfer real property held in the name of a limited liability company is recorded in the office for recording transfers of that real property, all persons are deemed to know of the limitation.
(h) Subject to subsection (j) of this section, an effective statement of dissolution or termination is a cancellation of any filed statement of authority for the purposes of subsection (f) of this section and is a limitation on authority for the purposes of subsection (g) of this section.
(j) After a statement of dissolution becomes effective, a limited liability company may deliver to the secretary of state for filing and, if appropriate, may record a statement of authority that is designated as a post dissolution statement of authority. The statement operates as provided in subsections
(f) and (g) of this section.
(k) Unless earlier cancelled, an effective statement of authority is cancelled by operation of law five (5) years after the date on which the statement, or its most recent amendment, becomes effective. This cancellation operates without need for any recording under subsection (f) or (g) of this section.
(m) An effective statement of denial operates as a restrictive amendment under this section and may be recorded by certified copy for the purposes of paragraph (f)(i) of this section.
(a) A person named in a filed statement of authority granting that person authority may deliver to the secretary of state for filing a statement of denial that:
(i) Provides the name of the limited liability company and the caption of the statement of authority to which the statement of denial pertains; and
(ii) Denies the grant of authority.
(a) The debts, obligations or other liabilities of a limited liability company, whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise:
(i) Are solely the debts, obligations or other liabilities of the company; and
(ii) Do not become the debts, obligations or other liabilities of a member or manager solely by reason of the member acting as a member or manager acting as a manager.
(b) Repealed by Laws 2016, ch. 54, § 2.
(c) For purposes of imposing liability on any member or manager of a limited liability company for the debts, obligations or other liabilities of the company, a court shall consider only the following factors no one (1) of which, except fraud, is sufficient to impose liability:
(i) Fraud;
(ii) Inadequate capitalization;
(iii) Failure to observe company formalities as required by law; and
(iv) Intermingling of assets, business operations and finances of the company and the members to such an extent that there is no distinction between them.
(d) In any analysis conducted under subsection (c) of this section, a court shall not consider factors intrinsic to the character and operation of a limited liability company, whether a single or multiple member limited liability company. Factors intrinsic to the character and operation of a limited liability company include but are not limited to:
(i) The ability to elect treatment as a disregarded or pass-through entity for tax purposes;
(ii) Flexible operation or organization including the failure to observe any particular formality relating to the exercise of the company's powers or management of its activities;
(iii) The exercise of ownership, influence and governance by a member or manager;
(iv) The protection of members' and managers' personal assets from the obligations and acts of the limited liability company.
(a) If a limited liability company is to have only one (1) member upon formation, the person becomes a member as determined by that person and the organizer of the company. That person and the organizer may be, but need not be, different persons. If different, the organizer acts on behalf of the initial member.
(b) If a limited liability company is to have more than one (1) member upon formation, those persons become members as agreed by them. The organizer acts on behalf of the persons in forming the company and may be, but need not be, one of the persons.
(c) Reserved.
(d) After formation of a limited liability company, a person becomes a member:
(i) As provided in the operating agreement;
(ii) As the result of a transaction effective under article 10 of this chapter;
(iii) With the consent of all the members; or
(vi) If, within ninety (90) consecutive days after the company ceases to have any members:
(A) The last person to have been a member, or the legal representative of that person, designates a person to become a member; and
(B) The designated person consents to become a member.
(e) A person may become a member without acquiring a transferable interest and without making or being obligated to make a contribution to the limited liability company.
A contribution may consist of tangible or intangible property or other benefit to a limited liability company, including money, services performed, promissory notes, other agreements to contribute money or property and contracts for services to be performed.