Law

Companies (Consolidation) Act 1908

United Kingdom · statute

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In force since 1908-12-21, as the publisher states.

Copy read on 2026-11-09. The page it was read from

Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives.

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Contents: 303 provisions
  1. Title and introductory text
  2. 1 Prohibition of partnerships exceeding certain number.
  3. 2 Mode of forming incorporated company.
  4. 3 Memorandum of company limited by shares.
  5. 4 Memorandum of company limited by guarantee.
  6. 5 Memorandum of unlimited company.
  7. 6 Stamp and signature of memorandum.
  8. 7 Restriction on alteration of memorandum.
  9. 8 Name of company and change of name.
  10. 9 Alteration of objects of company.
  11. 10 Registration of articles.
  12. 11 Application of Table A.
  13. 12 Form stamp and signature of articles.
  14. 13 Alteration of articles by special resolution.
  15. 14 Effect of memorandum and articles.
  16. 15 Registration of memorandum and articles.
  17. 16 Effect of registration.
  18. 17 Conclusiveness of certificate of incorporation.
  19. 18 Copies of memorandum and articles to be given to members.
  20. 19 Restriction on charitable and other companies holding land.
  21. 20 Power to dispense with “limited ” in name of charitable and other companies.
  22. 21 Provision as to companies limited by guarantee.
  23. 22 Nature of shares.
  24. 23 Certificate of shares or stock.
  25. 24 Definition of member.
  26. 25 Register of members.
  27. 26 Annual list of members and summary.
  28. 27 Trusts not to be entered on register.
  29. 28 Registration of transfer at request of transferor.
  30. 29 Transfer by personal representative.
  31. 30 Inspection of register of members.
  32. 31 Power to close register.
  33. 32 Power of court to rectify register.
  34. 33 Register to be evidence.
  35. 34 Power for company to keep colonial register.
  36. 35 Regulations as to colonial register.
  37. 36 Stamp duties in case of shares registered in colonial registers.
  38. 37 Issue and effect of share warrants to bearer.
  39. 38 Forgery, personation, unlawfully engraving plates, &c.
  40. 39 Power of company to arrange for different amounts being paid on shares.
  41. 40 Power to return accumulated profits in reduction of paid-up share capital.
  42. 41 Power of company limited by shares to alter its share capital.
  43. 42 Notice to registrar of consolidation of share capital, conversion of shares into stock, &c.
  44. 43 Effect of conversion of shares into stock.
  45. 44 Notice of increase of share capital or of members.
  46. 45 Re-organisation of share capital.
  47. 46 Special resolution for reduction of share capital.
  48. 47 Application to court for confirming order.
  49. 48 Addition to name of company of " and reduced.".
  50. 49 Objections by creditors and settlement of list of objecting creditors.
  51. 50 Order confirming reduction.
  52. 51 Registration of order and minute of reduction.
  53. 52 Minute to form part of memorandum.
  54. 53 Liability of members in respect of reduced shares.
  55. 54 Penalty on concealment of name of creditor.
  56. 55 Publication of reasons for reduction.
  57. 56 Increase and reduction of share capital in case of a company limited by guarantee having a share capital.
  58. 57 Registration of unlimited company as limited.
  59. 58 Power of unlimited company to provide for reserve share capital on re-registration.
  60. 59 Reserve liability of limited company.
  61. 60 Limited company may have directors with unlimited liability.
  62. 61 Special resolution of limited company making liability of directors unlimited.
  63. 62 Registered office of company.
  64. 63 Publication of name by a limited company.
  65. 64 Annual general meeting.
  66. 65 First statutory meeting of company.
  67. 66 Convening of extraordinary general meeting on requisition.
  68. 67 Provisions as to meetings and votes.
  69. 68 Representation of companies at meetings of other companies of which they are members.
  70. 69 Definitions of extraordinary and special resolution.
  71. 70 Registration and copies of special resolutions.
  72. 71 Minutes of proceedings of meetings and directors.
  73. 72 Restrictions on appointment or advertisement of director.
  74. 73 Qualification of director.
  75. 74 Validity of acts of directors.
  76. 75 List of directors to be sent to registrar.
  77. 76 Form of contracts.
  78. 77 Bills of exchange and promissory notes.
  79. 78 Execution of deeds abroad.
  80. 79 Power for company to have official seal for use abroad.
  81. 80 Filing of prospectus.
  82. 81 Specific requirements as to particulars of prospectus.
  83. 82 Obligations of companies where no prospectus is issued.
  84. 83 Restriction on alteration of terms mentioned in prospectus or statement in lieu of prospectus.
  85. 84 Liability for statements in prospectus.
  86. 85 Restriction as to allotment.
  87. 86 Effect of irregular allotment.
  88. 87 Restrictions on commencement of business.
  89. 88 Return as to allotments.
  90. 89 Power to pay certain commissions, and prohibition of payment of all other commissions, discounts, &c.
  91. 90 Statement in balance sheet as to commissions and discounts.
  92. 91 Power of company to pay interest out of capital in certain cases.
  93. 92 Limitation of time for issue of certificates.
  94. 93 Registration of mortgages and charges in England and Ireland.
  95. 94 Registration of enforcement of security.
  96. 95 Filing of accounts of receivers and managers.
  97. 96 Rectification of register of mortgages.
  98. 97 Entry of satisfaction.
  99. 98 Index to register of mortgages and charges.
  100. 99 Penalties.
  101. 100 Company's register of mortgages.
  102. 101 Right to inspect copies of instruments creating mortgages and charges and company's register of mortgages.
  103. 102 Right of debenture holders to inspect the register of debenture holders and to have copies of trust deed.
  104. 103 Perpetual debentures.
  105. 104 Power to re-issue redeemed debentures in certain cases.
  106. 105 Specific performance of contract to subscribe for debentures.
  107. 106 Validity of debentures to bearer in Scotland.
  108. 107 Payments of certain debts out of assets subject to floating charge in priority to claims under the charge.
  109. 108 Certain companies to publish statement in schedule.
  110. 109 Investigation of affairs of company by Board of Trade inspectors.
  111. 110 Power of company to appoint inspectors.
  112. 111 Report of inspectors to be evidence.
  113. 112 Appointment and remuneration of auditors.
  114. 113 Powers and duties of auditors.
  115. 114 Rights of preference shareholders, &c. as to receipt and inspection of reports, &c.
  116. 115 Prohibition of carrying on business with fewer than seven; or, in the case of a private company, two members.
  117. 116 Service of documents on company.
  118. 117 Authentication of documents.
  119. 118 Application and alteration of tables and forms.
  120. 119 Arbitration between companies and others.
  121. 120 Power to compromise with creditors and members.
  122. 121 Meaning of " private company. ".
  123. 122 Modes of winding up.
  124. 123 Liability as contributories of present and past members.
  125. 124 Definition of contributory.
  126. 125 Nature of liability of contributory.
  127. 126 Contributories in case of death of member.
  128. 127 Contributories in case of bankruptcy of member.
  129. 128 Provision as to married women.
  130. 129 Circumstances in which company may be wound up by court.
  131. 130 Company when deemed unable to pay its debts.
  132. 131 Jurisdiction to wind up companies in England.
  133. 132 Conduct of winding-up business in High Court in England.
  134. 133 Transfer of proceedings.
  135. 134 Jurisdiction to wind up companies in Ireland.
  136. 135 Jurisdiction to wind up companies in Scotland.
  137. 136 Power in Scotland to remit winding up to Lord Ordinary.
  138. 137 Provisions as to applications for winding up.
  139. 138 Effect of winding-up order.
  140. 139 Commencement of winding up by court.
  141. 140 Power to stay or restrain proceedings against company.
  142. 141 Powers of court on hearing petition.
  143. 142 Actions stayed on winding-up order.
  144. 143 Copy of order to be forwarded to registrar.
  145. 144 Power of court to stay winding up.
  146. 145 Court may have regard to wishes of creditors or contributories.
  147. 146 Definition of official receiver.
  148. 147 Statement of company's affairs to be submitted to official receiver.
  149. 148 Report by official receiver.
  150. 149 Appointment, remuneration, and title of liquidators.
  151. 150 Custody of company's property.
  152. 151 Powers of liquidator.
  153. 152 Meetings of creditors and contributories in English winding up.
  154. 153 Liquidator to give information to official receiver.
  155. 154 Payments of liquidator in English winding up into bank.
  156. 155 Audit of liquidator's accounts in English winding up.
  157. 156 Books to be kept by liquidator in English winding up.
  158. 157 Release of liquidators in England.
  159. 158 Exercise and control of liquidator's powers in England.
  160. 159 Control of Board of Trade over liquidators in England.
  161. 160 Committee of inspection in English winding up.
  162. 161 Power in England to appoint special manager.
  163. 162 Power in England to appoint official receiver as receiver for debenture holders or creditors.
  164. 163 Settlement of list of contributories and application of assets.
  165. 164 Power to require delivery of property.
  166. 165 Power to order payment of debts by contributory.
  167. 166 Power of court to make calls.
  168. 167 Power to order payment into bank.
  169. 168 Order on contributory conclusive evidence.
  170. 169 Power to exclude creditors not proving in time.
  171. 170 Adjustment of rights of contributories.
  172. 171 Power to order costs.
  173. 172 Dissolution of company.
  174. 173 Delegation to liquidator of certain powers of court in England.
  175. 174 Power to summon persons suspected of having property of company.
  176. 175 Power in England to order public examination of promoters, directors, &c.
  177. 176 Power to arrest absconding contributory.
  178. 177 Powers of court cumulative.
  179. 178 Power to enforce orders.
  180. 179 Order for calls on contributories in Scotland.
  181. 180 Enforcement of orders throughout United Kingdom.
  182. 181 Appeals from order.
  183. 182 Circumstances in which company may be wound up voluntarily.
  184. 183 Commencement of voluntary winding up.
  185. 184 Effect of voluntary winding up on status of company.
  186. 185 Notice of resolution to wind up voluntarily.
  187. 186 Consequences of voluntary winding up.
  188. 187 Notice by liquidator of his appointment.
  189. 188 Rights of creditors in a voluntary winding up.
  190. 189 Power to fill vacancy in office of liquidator.
  191. 190 Delegation of authority to appoint liquidators.
  192. 191 Arrangement when binding on creditors.
  193. 192 Power of liquidator to accept shares, &c. as consideration for sale of property of company.
  194. 193 Power to apply to court.
  195. 194 Power of liquidator to call general meeting.
  196. 195 Final meeting and dissolution.
  197. 196 Costs of voluntary liquidation.
  198. 197 Saving for rights of creditors and contributories.
  199. 198 Power of court to adopt proceedings of voluntary winding up.
  200. 199 Power to order winding up subject to supervision.
  201. 200 Effect of petition for winding up subject to supervision.
  202. 201 Court may have regard to wishes of creditors and contributories.
  203. 202 Power for court to appoint or remove liquidators.
  204. 203 Effect of supervision order.
  205. 204 Appointment of voluntary liquidator as liquidator in winding up by court in Scotland or Ireland.
  206. 205 Avoidance of transfers, &c. after commencement of winding up.
  207. 206 Debts of all descriptions to be proved.
  208. 207 Application of bankruptcy rules in winding up of insolvent English and Irish companies.
  209. 208 Ranking of claims in Scotland.
  210. 209 Preferential payments.
  211. 210 Fraudulent preference.
  212. 211 Avoidance of certain attachments, executions, &c. in case of company registered in England or Ireland.
  213. 212 Effect of floating charge.
  214. 213 Effect in case of company registered in Scotland of diligence within sixty days of winding up by or subject to supervision of court.
  215. 214 General scheme of liquidation may be sanctioned.
  216. 215 Power of court to assess damages against delinquent directors, &c.
  217. 216 Penalty for falsification of books.
  218. 217 Prosecution of delinquent directors, &c.
  219. 218 Penalty on perjury.
  220. 219 Meetings to ascertain wishes of creditors or contributories.
  221. 220 Books of company to be evidence.
  222. 221 Inspection of books.
  223. 222 Disposal of books and papers of company.
  224. 223 Power of court to declare dissolution of company void.
  225. 224 Information as to pending liquidations in England.
  226. 225 Judicial notice of signature of officers.
  227. 226 Special commission for receiving evidence.
  228. 227 Court may order examination of persons in Scotland.
  229. 228 Affidavits, &c. in United Kingdom and colonies.
  230. 229 Companies liquidation account defined.
  231. 230 Investment of surplus funds on general account.
  232. 231 Separate accounts of particular estates.
  233. 232 Certain receipts and fees to be applied in aid of expenditure.
  234. 233 Officers and remuneration.
  235. 234 Annual accounts of English, winding up.
  236. 235 Returns by officers in English winding up.
  237. 236 Proceedings of Board of Trade.
  238. 237 Rules and fees for winding up in England.
  239. 238 Powers to make rules of procedure.
  240. 239 Attachment of debt due to contributory on winding up in stannaries court.
  241. 240 Preferential payments in stannaries cases.
  242. 241 Provisions as to mine club funds.
  243. 242 Registrar may strike defunct company off register.
  244. 243 Registration offices in England, Scotland, and Ireland.
  245. 244 Fees.
  246. 245 Application of Act to companies formed under former Companies Acts.
  247. 246 Application of Act to companies registered under former Companies Acts.
  248. 247 Application of Act to companies re-registered under Companies Act, 1879.
  249. 248 Mode of transferring shares.
  250. 249 Companies capable of being registered.
  251. 250 Definition of joint stock company.
  252. 251 Liability of bank of issue unlimited in respect of notes.
  253. 252 Requirements for registration by joint stock companies.
  254. 253 Requirements for registration by other than joint stock companies.
  255. 254 Authentication of statements of existing companies.
  256. 255 Registrar may require evidence as to nature of company.
  257. 256 On registration of banking company with limited liability, notice to be given to customers.
  258. 257 Exemption of certain companies from payment of fees.
  259. 258 Addition of “limited ” to name.
  260. 259 Certificate of registration of existing companies.
  261. 260 Vesting of property on registration.
  262. 261 Saving for existing liabilities.
  263. 262 Continuation of existing actions.
  264. 263 Effect of registration under Act.
  265. 264 Power to substitute memorandum and articles for deed of settlement.
  266. 265 Power of court to stay or restrain proceedings.
  267. 266 Actions stayed on winding-up order.
  268. 267 Meaning of unregistered company.
  269. 268 Winding up of unregistered companies.
  270. 269 Contributories in winding up of unregistered company.
  271. 270 Power of court to stay or restrain proceedings.
  272. 271 Actions stayed on winding-up order.
  273. 272 Directions as to property in certain cases.
  274. 273 Provisions of Part of Act cumulative.
  275. 274 Requirements as to companies established outside the United Kingdom.
  276. 275 Power of companies incorporated in British possessions to hold lands.
  277. 276 Prosecution of offences.
  278. 277 Applications of fines.
  279. 278 Costs in actions by certain limited companies.
  280. 279 Power of court to grant relief in certain cases.
  281. 280 Jurisdiction of stannaries court.
  282. 281 Penalty for false statement.
  283. 282 Penalty for improper use of word " Limited.".
  284. 283 Annual Report by Board of Trade.
  285. 284 Authentication of documents issued by Board of Trade.
  286. 285 Interpretation.
  287. 286 Repeal of Acts and savings.
  288. 287 Saving of pending proceedings for winding up.
  289. 288 Saving of deeds.
  290. 289 Former registration offices, registers, official receivers, &c continued.
  291. 290 Saving for existing rules of procedure, &c.
  292. 291 Substitution of provisions of this Act for provisions of repealed Acts.
  293. 292 Saving for 28 & 29 Vict. c. 78. s. 3.
  294. 293 Saving for Life Assurance Companies Acts.
  295. 294 Saving for 34 & 35 Vict. c. 31. s. 5.
  296. 295 Short title.
  297. 296 Commencement of Act.
  298. FIRST SCHEDULE
  299. SECOND SCHEDULE The Companies (Consolidation) Act, 1908.
  300. THIRD SCHEDULE
  301. FOURTH SCHEDULE
  302. FIFTH SCHEDULE Provisions referred to in Section 281 of the Act.
  303. SIXTH SCHEDULE

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303 provisions

Title and introductory text

Companies (Consolidation) Act 1908 1908 Chapter 69 An Act to consolidate the Companies Act, 1862, and the Acts amending it. [21st December 1908.] Be it enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and t)y the authority of the same, as follows :

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1 Prohibition of partnerships exceeding certain number.

(1) No company, association, or partnership consisting of more than ten persons shall be formed for the purpose of carrying on the business of banking, unless it is registered as a company under this Act, or is formed in pursuance of some other Act of Parliament, or of letters patent. (2) No company, association, or partnership consisting of more than twenty persons shall be formed for the purpose of carrying on any other business that has for its object the acquisition of gain by the company, association, or partnership, or by the individual members thereof, unless it is registered as a company under this Act, or is formed in pursuance of some other Act of Parliament, or of letters patent, or is a company engaged in working mines within the stannaries and subject to the jurisdiction of the court exercising the stannaries jurisdiction.

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2 Mode of forming incorporated company.

Any seven or more persons (or, where the company to be formed will be a private company within the meaning of this Act, any two or more persons) associated for any lawful purpose may, by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association and otherwise complying with the requirements of this Act in respect of registration, form an incorporated company, with or without limited liability (that is to say), either— (i) A company having the liability of its members limited by the memorandum to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them (in this Act termed a company limited by shares); or (ii) A company having the liability of its members limited by the memorandum to such amount as the members may respectively thereby undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up (in this Act termed a company limited by guarantee); or (iii) A company not having any limit on the liability of its members (in this Act termed an unlimited company).

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3 Memorandum of company limited by shares.

In the case of a company limited by shares— (1) The memorandum must state— (i) The name of the company, with ". Limited " as the last word in its name ; (ii) The part of the United Kingdom, whether England, Scotland, or Ireland, in which the registered office of the company is to be situate; (iii) The objects of the company; (iv) That the liability of the members is limited ; (v) The amount of share capital with which the company proposes to be registered, and the division thereof into shares of a fixed amount : (2) No subscriber of the memorandum may take less than one share : (3) Each subscriber must write opposite to his name the number of shares he takes.

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4 Memorandum of company limited by guarantee.

In the case of a company limited by guarantee— (1) The memorandum must state— (i) The name of the company, with “Limited ” as the last word in its name ; (ii) The part of the United Kingdom, whether England, Scotland, or Ireland, in which the registered office of the company is to be situate ; (iii) The objects of the company ; (iv) That the liability of the members is limited; (v) That each member undertakes to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up while he is a member, or within one year afterwards, for payment of the debts and liabilities of the company contracted before he ceases to be a member, and of the costs, charges, and expenses of winding up, and for adjustment of the rights of the contributories among themselves, such amount as may be required, not exceeding a specified amount. (2) If the company has a share capital— (i) The memorandum must also state the amount of share capital with which the company proposes to be registered and the division thereof into shares of a fixed amount; (ii) No subscriber of the memorandum may take less than one share ; (iii) Each subscriber must write opposite to his name the number of shares he takes.

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5 Memorandum of unlimited company.

In the case of an unlimited company— (1) The memorandum must state— (i) The name of the company; (ii) The part of the United Kingdom, whether England, Scotland, or Ireland, in which the registered office of the company is to be situate ; (iii) The objects of the company. (2) If the company has a share capital— (i) No subscriber of the memorandum may take less than one share ; (ii) Each subscriber must write opposite to his name the number of shares he takes.

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6 Stamp and signature of memorandum.

The memorandum must bear the same stamp as if it were a deed, and must be signed by each subscriber in the presence of at least one witness who must attest the signature, and that attestation shall be sufficient in Scotland as well as in England and Ireland.

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7 Restriction on alteration of memorandum.

A company may not alter the conditions contained in its memorandum except in the cases and in the mode and to the extent for which express provision is made in this Act.

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8 Name of company and change of name.

(1) A company may not be registered by a name identical with that by which a company in existence is already registered, or so nearly resembling that name as to be calculated to deceive, except where the company in existence is in the course of being dissolved and signifies its consent in such manner as the registrar requires. (2) If a company, through inadvertence or otherwise, is, without such consent as aforesaid, registered by a name identical with that by which a company in existence is previously registered, or so nearly resembling it as to be calculated to deceive, the first-mentioned company may, with the sanction of the registrar, change its name. (3) Any company may, by special resolution and with the approval of the Board of Trade signified in writing, change its name. (4) Where a company changes its name, the registrar, shall enter the new name on the register in place of the former name, and shall issue a certificate of incorporation altered to meet the circumstances of the case. (5) The change of name shall not affect any rights or obligations of the company, or render defective any legal proceedings by or against the company, and any legal proceedings that might have been continued or commenced against it by its former name may be continued or commenced against it by its new name.

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9 Alteration of objects of company.

(1) Subject to the provisions of this section a company ' may, by special resolution, alter the provisions of its memorandum with respect to the objects of the company, so far as may be required to enable it— (a) to carry on its business more economically or more efficiently ; or (b) to attain its main purpose by new or improved means ; or (c) to enlarge or change the local area of its operations ; or (d) to carry on some business which under existing cir circumstances may conveniently or advantageously be combined with the business of the company ; or (e) to restrict or abandon any of the objects specified in the memorandum. (2) The alteration shall not take effect until and except in so far as it is confirmed on petition by the court. (3) Before confirming the alteration the court must be satisfied— (a) that sufficient notice has been given to every holder of debentures of the company, and to any persons or class of persons whose interests will, in the opinion of the court, be affected by the alteration ; and (b) that, with respect to every creditor who in the opinion of the court is entitled to object, and who signifies his objection in manner directed by the court, either his consent to the alteration has been obtained or his debt or claim has been discharged or has determined, or has been secured to the satisfaction of the court: Provided that the court may, in the case of any person or class, for special reasons, dispense with the notice required by this section. (4) The court may make an order confirming the alteration either wholly or in part, and on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit, and may make such order as to costs as it thinks proper. (5) The court shall, in exercising its discretion under this section, have regard to the rights and interests of the members of the company or of any class of them, as well as to the rights and interests of the creditors, and may, if it thinks fit, adjourn the proceedings in order that an arrangement may be made to the satisfaction of the court for the purchase of the interests of dissentient members ; and may give such directions and make such orders as it may think expedient for facilitating or carrying into effect any such arrangement: Provided that no part of the capital of the company may be expended in any such purchase. (6) An office copy of the order confirming the alteration, together with a printed copy of the memorandum as altered, shall, within fifteen days from the date of the order, be delivered by the company to the registrar of companies, and he shall register the same, and shall certify the registration under his hand, and the certificate shall be conclusive evidence that all the requirements of this Act with respect to the alteration and the confirmation thereof have been complied with, and thenceforth the memorandum so altered shall be the memorandum of the company. The court may by order at any time extend the time for the. delivery of documents to the registrar under this section for such period as the court may think proper. (7) If a company makes default in delivering to the registrar of companies any .document required by this section to be delivered to him, the company shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds for every day during which it is in default.

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10 Registration of articles.

(1) There may, in the case of a company limited by shares, and there shall in the case of a company limited by guarantee or unlimited, be registered with the memorandum articles of association signed by the subscribers to the memorandum and prescribing regulations for the company. (2) Articles of Association may adopt all or any of the regulations contained in Table A. in the First Schedule to this Act. (3) In the case of an unlimited company or a company limited by guarantee the articles, if the company has a share capital, must state the amount of share capital with which the company proposes to be registered. (4) In the case of an unlimited company or a company limited by guarantee, if the company has not a share capital, the articles must state the number of members with which the company proposes to be registered, for the purpose of enabling the registrar to determine the fees payable on registration.

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11 Application of Table A.

In the case of a company limited by shares and registered after the commencement of this Act, if articles are not registered, or, if articles are registered, in so far as the articles do not exclude or modify the regulations in Table A. in the First Schedule to this Act, those regulations shall, so far as applicable, be the regulations of the company in the same manner and to the same extent as if they were contained in duly registered articles.

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12 Form stamp and signature of articles.

Articles must— (a) be printed ; (b) be divided into paragraphs numbered consecutively ; (c) bear the same stamp as if they were contained in a deed; and (d) be signed by each subscriber of the memorandum of association in the presence of at least one witness who must attest the signature, and that attestation shall be sufficient in Scotland as well as in England and Ireland.

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13 Alteration of articles by special resolution.

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and to the conditions contained in its memorandum, a company may by special resolution alter or add to its articles; and any alteration or addition so made shall be as valid as if originally contained in the articles, and be subject in like manner to alteration by special resolution. (2) The power of altering articles under this section shall, in the case of an unlimited company formed and registered under the Joint Stock Companies Acts, extend to altering any regulations relating to the amount of capital or its distribution into shares, notwithstanding that those regulations are contained in the memorandum.

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14 Effect of memorandum and articles.

(1) The memorandum and articles shall, when registered, bind the company and the members thereof to the same extent as if they respectively had been signed and sealed by each member, and contained covenants on the part of each member, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to observe all the provisions of the memorandum and of the articles, subject to the provisions of this Act. (2) All money payable by any member to the company under the memorandum or articles shall be a debt due from him to the company, and in England and Ireland be of the nature of a specialty debt.

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15 Registration of memorandum and articles.

The memorandum and the articles (if any) shall be delivered to the registrar of companies for that part of the United Kingdom in which the registered office of the company is stated by the memorandum to be situate, and he shall retain and register them.

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16 Effect of registration.

(1) On the registration of the memorandum of a company the registrar shall certify under his hand that the company is incorporated, and in the case of a limited company that the company is limited. (2) From the date of incorporation mentioned in the certificate of incorporation, the subscribers of the memorandum together with such other persons as may from time to time become members of the company, shall be a body corporate by the name contained in the memorandum, capable forthwith of exercising all the functions of an incorporated company, and having perpetual succession and a common seal, with power to hold lands, but with such liability on the part of the members to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up as is mentioned in this Act.

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17 Conclusiveness of certificate of incorporation.

(1) A certificate of incorporation given by the registrar in respect of any association shall be conclusive evidence that all the requirements of this Act in respect of registration and of matters precedent and incidental thereto have been complied with, and that the association is a company authorised to be registered and duly registered under this Act. (2) A statutory declaration by a solicitor of the High Court, and in Scotland by an enrolled law agent, engaged in the formation of the company, or by a person named in the articles as a director or secretary of the company, of compliance with all or any of the said requirements shall be produced to the registrar, and the registrar may accept such a declaration as sufficient evidence of compliance.

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18 Copies of memorandum and articles to be given to members.

(1) Every company shall send to every member, at his request, and on payment of one shilling or such less sum as the company may prescribe, a copy of the memorandum and of the articles (if any). (2) If a company makes default in complying with the requirements of this section, it shall be liable for each offence to a fine not exceeding one pound.

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19 Restriction on charitable and other companies holding land.

A company formed for the purpose of promoting art, science, religion, charity, or any other like object, not involving the acquisition of gain by the company or by its individual members, shall not, without the licence of the Board of Trade, hold more than two acres of land ; but the Board may by licence empower any such company to hold lands in such quantity, and subject to such conditions, as the Board think fit.

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20 Power to dispense with “limited ” in name of charitable and other companies.

(1) Where it is proved to the satisfaction of the Board of Trade that an association about to be formed as a limited company is to be formed for promoting commerce, art, science, religion, charity, or any other useful object, and intends to apply its profits (if any) or other income in promoting its objects, and to prohibit the payment of any dividend to its members, the Board may by licence direct that the association be registered as a company with limited liability, without the addition of the word “Limited ” to its name, and the association may be registered accordingly. (2) A licence by the Board of Trade under this section may be granted on such conditions and subject to such regulations as the Board think fit, and those conditions and regulations shall be binding on the association, and shall, if the Board so direct, be inserted in the memorandum and articles, or in one of those documents. (3) The association shall on registration enjoy all the privileges of limited companies, and be subject to all their obligations, except those of using the word “Limited” as any part of its name, and of publishing its name, and of sending lists of members and directors and managers to the registrar of companies. (4) A licence-under this section may at any time be revoked by the Board of Trade, and upon revocation the registrar shall enter the word “Limited ” at the end of the name of the association upon the register, and the association shall cease to enjoy the exemptions and privileges granted by this section : Provided that before a licence is so revoked the Board shall give to the association notice in writing of their intention, and shall afford the association an opportunity of being heard in opposition to the revocation.

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21 Provision as to companies limited by guarantee.

(1) In the case of a company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital, and registered on or after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and one, every provision in the memorandum or articles or in any resolution of the company purporting to give any person a right to participate in the divisible profits of the company otherwise than as a member shall be void. (2) For the purpose of the provisions of this Act relating to the memorandum of a company limited by guarantee and of this section, every provision in the memorandum or articles, or in any resolution, of any company limited by guarantee and registered on or after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and one, purporting to divide the undertaking of the company into shares or interests shall be treated as a provision for a share capital, notwithstanding that the nominal amount or number of the shares or interests is not specified thereby.

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22 Nature of shares.

(1) The shares or other interest of any member in a company shall be personal estate, transferable in manner provided by the articles of the company, and shall not be of the nature of real estate. (2) Each share in a company having a share capital shall be distinguished by its appropriate number.

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23 Certificate of shares or stock.

A certificate, under the common seal of the company, specifying any shares or stock held by any member, shall be prima facie evidence of the title of the member to the shares or stock.

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24 Definition of member.

(1) The subscribers of the memorandum of a company shall be- deemed to have agreed to become members of the company, and on its registration shall be entered as members in its register of members. (2) Every other person who agrees to become a member of a company, and whose name is entered in its register of members, shall be a member of the company.

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25 Register of members.

(1) Every company shall keep in one or more books a register of its members, and enter therein the following particulars :— (i) The names and addresses, and the occupations, if any, of the members, and in the case of a company having a share capital a statement of the shares held by each member, distinguishing each share by its number, and of the amount paid or agreed to be considered as paid on the shares of each member ; (ii) The date at which each person was entered in the register as a member ; (iii) The date at which any person ceased to be a member. (2) If a company fails to comply with this section it shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds for every day during which the default continues; and every director and manager of the company who knowingly and wilfully authorises, or permits the default shall be liable to the like penalty.

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26 Annual list of members and summary.

(1) Every company having a share capital shall once at least in every year make a list of all persons who, on the fourteenth day after the first or only ordinary general meeting in the year, are members of the company, and of all,persons who have ceased to be members since the date of the last return or (in the case of the first return) of the incorporation of the company. (2) The list must state the names, addresses, and occupations of all the past and present members therein mentioned, and the number of shares held by each of the existing members at the date of the return, specifying shares transferred since the date of the last return or (in the case of the first return) of the incorporation of the company by persons who are still members and have ceased to be members respectively and the dates of registration of the transfers, and must contain a summary distinguishing between shares issued for cash and shares issued as fully or partly paid up otherwise than in cash, and specifying the following particulars :— (a) The amount of the share capital of the company, and the number of the shares into which it is divided; (b) The. number of shares taken from the commencement of the company up to the date of the return; (c) The amount called up on each share ; (d) The total amount of calls received ; (e) The total amount of calls unpaid; (f) The total amount of the sums (if any) paid by way of commission in respect of any shares or debentures, or allowed by way of discount in respect of any debentures, since the date of the last return; (g) The total number of shares forfeited ; (h) The total amount of shares or stock for which share warrants are outstanding at the date of the return ; (i) The total amount of share warrants issued and surrendered respectively since the date of the last return ; (k) The number of shares or amount of stock comprised in each share warrant; (l) The names and addresses of the persons who at the date of the return are the directors of the company, or occupy the position of directors, by whatever name called; and (m) The total amount of debt due from the company in respect of all mortgages and charges which are required (or, in the case of a company registered in Scotland, which, if the company had been registered in England, would be required) to be registered with the registrar of companies under this Act, or which would have been required so to be registered if created after the first day of July nineteen hundred and eight. (3) The summary must also (except where the company is a private company) include a statement, made up to such date as may be specified in the statement, in the form of a balance sheet, audited by the company's auditors, and containing a summary of its share capital, its liabilities, and its assets, giving such particulars as will disclose the general nature of those liabilities and assets, and how the values of the fixed assets have been arrived at, but the balance sheet need not include a statement of profit and loss. (4) The above list and summary must be contained in a separate part of the register of members, and must be completed within seven days after the fourteenth day aforesaid, and the company must forthwith forward to the registrar of companies a copy signed by the manager or by the secretary of the company. (5) If a company makes default in complying with the requirements of this section it shall be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds for every day during which the default continues, and every director and manager of the company who knowingly and wilfully authorises or permits the default shall be liable to the like penalty.

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27 Trusts not to be entered on register.

No notice of any trust, expressed, implied, or constructive, shall be entered on the register, or be receivable by the registrar, in the case of companies registered in England or Ireland.

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28 Registration of transfer at request of transferor.

On the application of the transferor of any share or interest in a company, the company shall enter in its register of members the name of the transferee in the same manner and subject to the same conditions as if the application for the entry-were made by the transferee.

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29 Transfer by personal representative.

A transfer of the share or other interest of a deceased member of a company made by his personal representative shall, although the personal representative is not himself a member, be as valid as if he had been a member at the time of the execution of the instrument of transfer.

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30 Inspection of register of members.

(1) The register of members, commencing from the date of the registration of the company, shall be kept at the registered office of the company, and, except when closed under the provisions of this Act, shall during business hours (subject to such reasonable restrictions as the company in general meeting may impose, so that not less than two hours in each day be allowed for inspection) be open to the inspection of any member gratis, and to the inspection of any other person on payment of one shilling, or such less sum as the company may prescribe, for each inspection. (2) Any member or other person may require a copy of the register, or of any part thereof, or of the list and summary required by this Act, or any part thereof, on payment of sixpence, or such less sum as the company may prescribe, for every hundred words or fractional part thereof required to be copied. (3) If any inspection or copy required under this section is refused, the company shall be liable for each refusal to a fine not exceeding two pounds, and to a further fine not exceeding two pounds for every day during which the refusal continues, and every director and manager of the company who knowingly authorises or permits the refusal shall be liable to the like penalty ; and, as respects companies registered in England or Ireland, any judge of the High Court, or the judge of the court exercising the stannaries jurisdiction in the case of companies subject to that jurisdiction, may by order compel an immediate inspection of the register.

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31 Power to close register.

A company may, on giving notice by advertisement in some newspaper circulating in the district in which the registered office of the company is situate, close the register of members for any time or times not exceeding in the whole thirty days in each year.

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32 Power of court to rectify register.

(1) If— (a) the name of any person is, without sufficient cause, entered in or omitted from the register of members of a company ; or (b) default is made or unnecessary delay takes place in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member, the person aggrieved, or any member of the company, or the company, may apply to the court for rectification of the register. (2) The application may be made, as respects companies registered' in England or Ireland, by motion in the High Court, or by application to a judge of the High Court sitting in chambers, or by application to the judge of the court exercising the stannaries jurisdiction in the case of companies subject to that jurisdiction, and, as respects companies registered in Scotland, by summary petition to the Court of Session, or in such other manner as the said courts may respectively direct; and the court may either refuse the application, or may order rectification of the register, and payment by the company of any damages sustained by any party aggrieved. (3) On any application under this section the court may. decide any question relating to the title of any person who is a party to the application to have his name entered in or omitted from the register, whether the question arises between members, or alleged members, or between members or alleged members on the one hand and the company on the other hand ; and generally may decide any question necessary or expedient to be decided; for rectification of the register. (4) In the case of a company required by this Act to send a list of its members to the registrar of companies, the court, when, making an order for rectification of the register, shall by its order direct notice of the rectification to be given to the registrar.

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33 Register to be evidence.

The register of members shall be prima facie evidence of any matters by this Act directed or authorised to be inserted therein.

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34 Power for company to keep colonial register.

(1) A company having a share capital, whose objects comprise the transaction of business in a colony, may, if so authorised by its articles, cause to be kept in any colony in which it transacts business a branch register of members resident in that colony (in this Act called a colonial register). (2) The company shall give to the registrar of companies notice of the situation of the office where any colonial register is kept, and of any change in. its situation, and of the discontinuance of the office in the event of its being discontinued. (3) For the purpose of the provisions of this Act relating to colonial registers the term “colony” includes British India and the Commonwealth of Australia.

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35 Regulations as to colonial register.

(1) A colonial register shall be deemed to be part of the company's register of members (in this and the next following section called the principal register). (2) It shall be kept in the same manner in which the principal register is by this Act required to be kept, except that the advertisement before closing the register shall be inserted in some newspaper circulating in the district wherein the colonial register is kept, and that any competent court in the colony may exercise the same jurisdiction of rectifying the register as is under this Act exerciseable by the High Court, and that the offences of refusing inspection or copies of a colonial register, and of authorising or permitting the refusal may he prosecuted summarily before any tribunal in the colony having summary criminal jurisdiction. (3) The company shall transmit to its registered office a copy of every entry in its colonial register as soon as may be after the entry is made ; and shall cause to be kept at its registered office, duly entered up from time to time, a duplicate of its colonial register, and the duplicate shall, for all the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be part of the principal register, (4) Subject to the provisions of this section with respect to the duplicate register, the shares registered in a colonial register shall be distinguished from the shares registered in the principal register, and no transaction with respect to any shares registered in a colonial register shall, during the continuance of that registration, be registered in any other register. (5) The company may discontinue to keep any colonial register, and thereupon all entries in that register shall be transferred to some other colonial register kept by the company in the same colony, or to the principal register. (6) Subject to the provisions of this Act, any .company may, by its articles, make such provisions as it may think fit respecting the keeping of colonial registers.

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36 Stamp duties in case of shares registered in colonial registers.

In relation to stamp duties the following provisions shall have effect:— (a) An instrument of transfer of a share registered in a colonial register shall be deemed to be a transfer of property situate out of the United Kingdom, and, unless executed in any part of the United Kingdom, shall be exempt from British stamp duty : (b) On the death of a member registered in. a colonial register, the shares of the deceased member shall, if he died domiciled in the United Kingdom, but not otherwise, be deemed, so far as relates to British duties, to be part of his estate and effects situate in the United Kingdom for or in respect of which probate or letters of administration is or are to be granted, or whereof an inventory is to be exhibited and recorded, in like manner as if he were registered in the principal register.

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37 Issue and effect of share warrants to bearer.

(1) A company limited by shares, if so authorised by its articles, may, with respect to any fully paid-up shares, or to stock, issue under its common seal a warrant stating that the bearer of the warrant is entitled to the shares or stock therein specified, and may provide, by coupons or otherwise, for the payment of the future dividends on the shares or stock included in the warrant, in this Act termed a share warrant. (2) A share warrant shall entitle the bearer thereof to the shares or stock therein specified, and the shares or stock may be transferred by delivery of the warrant. (3) The bearer of a share warrant shall, subject to the articles of the company, be entitled, on surrendering it for cancellation, to have his name entered as a member in the register of members ; and the company shall be responsible for any loss incurred by any person by reason of the company entering in its register the name of a bearer of a share warrant in respect of the shares or stock therein specified without the warrant being surrendered and cancelled. (4) The bearer of a share warrant may, if the articles of the company so provide, be deemed to be a member of the company within the meaning of this Act, either to the full extent or for any purposes defined in the articles ; except that he shall not be qualified in respect of the shares or stock specified in the warrant for being a director or manager of the company, in cases where such a qualification is required by the articles. (5) On the issue of a share warrant the company shall strike out of its register of members the name of the member then entered therein as holding the shares or stock specified in the warrant as if he had ceased to be a member, and shall enter in the register the following particulars, namely :— (i) The fact of the issue of the warrant ; (ii) A statement of the shares or stock included in the warrant, distinguishing each share by its number; and (iii) The date of the issue of the warrant. (6) Until the warrant is surrendered, the above particulars shall be deemed to be the particulars required by this Act to be entered in the register of members ; and, on the surrender, the date of the surrender must be entered as if it were the date at which a person ceased to be a member.

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38 Forgery, personation, unlawfully engraving plates, &c.

(1) If any person— (i) with intent to defraud, forges or alters, or offers, utters, disposes of, or puts off, knowing the same to be forged or altered, any share warrant or coupon, or any document purporting to be a share warrant or coupon, issued in pursuance of this Act ; or by means of any such forged or altered share warrant, coupon, or document, purporting as aforesaid, demands or endeavours to obtain or receive any share or interest in any company under this Act, or to receive any dividend or money payable in respect thereof, knowing the warrant, coupon, or document to be forged or altered ; or (ii) falsely and deceitfully personates any owner of any share or interest in any company, or of any share warrant or coupon, issued in pursuance of this Act, and thereby obtains or endeavours to obtain any such share or interest or share warrant or coupon, or receives or endeavours to receive any money due to any such owner, as if the offender were the true and lawful owner, he shall be guilty of felony, and being convicted thereof shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to be kept in penal servitude for life or for any term not less than three years. (2) If any person without lawful authority or excuse, proof whereof shall lie on him, engraves or makes on any plate, wood, stone, or other material any share warrant or coupon purporting to be a share warrant or coupon issued or made by any particular company in pursuance of this Act, or to be a blank share warrant or coupon so issued or made, or to be a part of such a share warrant or coupon, or uses any such plate, wood, stone, or other material for the making or printing of any such share warrant or coupon, or of any such blank share warrant or coupon, or any part thereof respectively, or knowingly has in his custody or possession any such plate, wood, stone, or other material, he shall be guilty of felony, and being convicted thereof shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to be kept in penal servitude for any term not exceeding fourteen years and not less than three years.

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39 Power of company to arrange for different amounts being paid on shares.

A company, if so authorised by its articles, may do any one or more of the following things ; namely,— (1) Make arrangements on the issue of .shares for a difference between the shareholders in the amounts and times of payment of calls on their shares : (2) Accept from any member who assents thereto the whole or a part of the amount remaining unpaid on any shares held by him, although no part of that amount has been called up : (3) Pay dividend in proportion to the amount paid up on each share where a larger amount is paid up on some shares than on others.

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