(1) For the purposes of this Part “finance income”, in relation to a trade of a company, means—
(a) any credits which are treated as receipts of the trade by virtue of—
(i) section 297 of CTA 2009 (credits in respect of loan relationships), or
(ii) section 573 of CTA 2009 (credits in respect of derivative contracts),
(b) any amount which in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice falls to be recognised as arising from a financial asset, and
(c) any return, in relation to an amount, which—
(i) is produced for the company by an arrangement to which it is a party, and
(ii) is economically equivalent to interest.
(2) In subsection (1)—
“economically equivalent to interest” is to be construed in accordance with section 486B(2) and (3) of CTA 2009, and
“financial asset” means a financial asset as defined for the purposes of generally accepted accounting practice.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(c), the amount of a return is the amount which by virtue of the return would, in calculating the company's chargeable profits, be treated under section 486B of CTA 2009 (disguised interest to be regarded as profit from loan relationship) as profit arising to the company from a loan relationship.
But, in calculating that profit for the purposes of this subsection, sections 486B(7) and 486C to 486E of that Act are to be ignored.
(1) For the purposes of this Part “relevant IP income” means income falling within any of the Heads set out in—
(a) subsection (2) (sales income),
(b) subsection (6) (licence fees),
(c) subsection (7) (proceeds of sale etc),
(d) subsection (8) (damages for infringement), and
(e) subsection (9) (other compensation).
This is subject to section 357BHB (excluded income).
(2) Head 1 is income arising from the sale by the company of any of the following items—
(a) items in respect of which a qualifying IP right held by the company has been granted (“qualifying items”);
(b) items incorporating one or more qualifying items;
(c) items that are wholly or mainly designed to be incorporated into items within paragraph (a) or (b).
(3) For the purposes of this Part an item and its packaging are not to be treated as a single item, unless the packaging performs a function that is essential for the use of the item for the purposes for which it is intended to be used.
(4) In subsection (3) “packaging”, in relation to an item, means any form of container or other packaging used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery or presentation of the item, including by way of attaching the item to, or winding the item round, some other article.
(5) In a case where a qualifying item and an item that is designed to incorporate that item (“the parent item”) are sold together as, or as part of, a single unit for a single price, the reference in subsection (2)(b) to an item incorporating a qualifying item includes a reference to the parent item.
(6) Head 2 is income consisting of any licence fee or royalty which the company receives under an agreement granting another person any of the following rights only—
(a) a right in respect of any qualifying IP right held by the company,
(b) any other right in respect of a qualifying item or process, and
(c) in the case of an agreement granting any right within paragraph (a) or (b), a right granted for the same purposes as those for which that right was granted.
In this subsection “qualifying process” means a process in respect of which a qualifying IP right held by the company has been granted.
(7) Head 3 is any income arising from the sale or other disposal of a qualifying IP right or an exclusive licence in respect of such a right.
(8) Head 4 is any amount received by the company in respect of an infringement, or alleged infringement, of a qualifying IP right held by the company at the time of the infringement or alleged infringement.
(9) Head 5 is any amount of damages, proceeds of insurance or other compensation, other than an amount in respect of an infringement or alleged infringement of a qualifying IP right, which is received by the company in respect of an event and—
(a) is paid in respect of any items that fell within subsection (2) at the time of that event, or
(b) represents a loss of income which would, if received by the company at the time of that event, have been relevant IP income.
(10) But income is not relevant IP income by virtue of subsection (8) or (9) unless the event in respect of which the income is received, or any part of that event, occurred at a time when—
(a) the company was a qualifying company, and
(b) an election under section 357A(1) had effect in relation to it.
(11) In a case where the whole of that event does not occur at such a time, subsection (8) or (9) (as the case may be) applies only to so much of the amount received by the company in respect of the event as on a just and reasonable apportionment is properly attributable to such a time.
(12) Any reference in this section to a qualifying IP right held by the company includes a reference to a qualifying IP right in respect of which the company holds an exclusive licence.
(1) This section applies where—
(a) a company holds a qualifying IP right or an exclusive licence in respect of a qualifying IP right,
(b) the qualifying IP right falls within paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of section 357BB(1), and
(c) the income of a trade of the company for an accounting period includes income (“IP-derived income”) which—
(i) arises from things done by the company that involve the exploitation by the company of the qualifying IP right, and
(ii) is not relevant IP income, finance income or excluded income.
(2) The company may elect that the appropriate percentage of the IP-derived income is to be treated for the purposes of this Part as if it were relevant IP income.
(3) The “appropriate percentage” is the proportion of the IP-derived income which the company would pay another person (“P”) for the right to exploit the qualifying IP right in the accounting period concerned if the company were not otherwise able to exploit it.
(4) For the purposes of determining the appropriate percentage under this section, assume that—
(a) the company and P are dealing at arm's length,
(b) the company, or the company and persons authorised by it, will have the right to exploit the qualifying IP right to the exclusion of any other person (including P),
(c) the company will have the same rights in relation to the qualifying IP right as it actually has,
(d) the right to exploit the qualifying IP right is conferred on the relevant day,
(e) the appropriate percentage is determined at the beginning of the accounting period concerned,
(f) the appropriate percentage will apply for each succeeding accounting period for which the company will have the right to exploit the qualifying IP right, and
(g) no income other than IP-derived income will arise from anything done by the company that involves the exploitation by the company of the qualifying IP right.
(5) In subsection (4)(d) “the relevant day” means—
(a) the first day of the accounting period concerned, or
(b) if later, the day on which the company first began to hold the qualifying IP right or licence.
(6) In determining the appropriate percentage, the company must act in accordance with—
(a) Article 9 of the OECD Model Tax Convention, and
(b) the OECD transfer pricing guidelines.
(7) In this section “excluded income” means any income falling within either of the Heads in section 357BHB.
(1) For the purposes of this Part income falling within either of the Heads set out in the following subsections is not relevant IP income—
(a) subsection (2) (ring fence income),
(b) subsection (3) (income attributable to non-exclusive licences).
(2) Head 1 is income arising from oil extraction activities or oil rights.
In this subsection “oil extraction activities” and “oil rights” have the same meaning as in Part 8 (see sections 272 and 273).
(3) Head 2 is income which on a just and reasonable apportionment is properly attributable to a licence (a “non-exclusive licence”) held by the company which—
(a) is a licence in respect of an item or process, but
(b) is not an exclusive licence in respect of a qualifying IP right.
(4) In a case where—
(a) a company holds an exclusive licence in respect of a qualifying IP right, and
(b) the licence also confers on the company (or on the company and persons authorised by it) any right in respect of the invention otherwise than to the exclusion of all other persons,
the licence is to be treated for the purposes of this Part as if it were two separate licences, one an exclusive licence that does not confer any such rights, and the other a non-exclusive licence conferring those rights.
(1) This section applies to any income that—
(a) is mixed income, or
(b) is paid under a mixed agreement.
(2) “Mixed income” means the proceeds of sale where an item falling within subsection (2) of section 357BH and an item not falling within that subsection are sold together as, or as part of, a single unit for a single price.
(3) A “mixed agreement” is an agreement providing for—
(a) one or more of the matters in paragraphs (a) to (c) of subsection (4), and
(b) one or more of the matters in paragraphs (d) to (g) of that subsection.
(4) The matters are—
(a) the sale of an item falling within section 357BH(2),
(b) the grant of any right falling within paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of section 357BH(6),
(c) a sale or disposal falling within section 357BH(7),
(d) the sale of any other item,
(e) the grant of any other right,
(f) any other sale or disposal,
(g) the provision of any services.
(5) So much of the income as on a just and reasonable apportionment is properly attributable to—
(a) the sale of an item falling within section 357BH(2),
(b) the grant of any right falling within paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of section 357BH(6), or
(c) a sale or disposal falling within section 357BH(7),
is to be regarded for the purposes of this Part as relevant IP income.
(6) But where the amount of income that on such an apportionment is properly attributable to any of the matters in paragraphs (d) to (g) of subsection (4) is a trivial proportion of the income to which this section applies, all of that income is to be regarded for the purposes of this Part as relevant IP income.
For the purposes of this Part “excluded debits” means—
(a) the amount of any debits which are treated as expenses of a trade by virtue of—
(i) section 297 of CTA 2009 (debits in respect of loan relationships), or
(ii) section 573 of CTA 2009 (debits in respect of derivative contracts),
(b) the amount of any additional deduction for an accounting period obtained by a company under Part 13 of CTA 2009 for expenditure on research and development in relation to a trade,
(c) the amount of any additional deduction for an accounting period obtained by a company under Part 15A of CTA 2009 in respect of qualifying expenditure on a television programme,
(d) the amount of any additional deduction for an accounting period obtained by a company under Part 15B of CTA 2009 in respect of qualifying expenditure on a video game, and
(e) the amount of any additional deduction for an accounting period obtained by a company under Part 15C of CTA 2009 in respect of qualifying expenditure on a theatrical production.
357BIA Certain amounts not to be deducted from sub-streams at Step 4 of section 357BF
(1) This section applies where a company enters into an arrangement with a person under which—
(a) the person assigns to the company a qualifying IP right or grants or transfers to the company an exclusive licence in respect of a qualifying IP right, and
(b) the company makes to the person an income-related payment.
(2) A payment is an “income-related payment” for the purposes of subsection (1) if—
(a) the obligation to make the payment arises under the arrangement by reason of the amount of income the company has accrued which is properly attributable to the right or licence, or
(b) the amount of the payment is determined under the arrangement by reference to the amount of income the company has accrued which is so attributable.
(3) If the amount of the income-related payment is allocated to a relevant IP income sub-stream at Step 3 of section 357BF(2), the amount is not to be deducted from the sub-stream at Step 4 of section 357BF(2) unless the payment will not affect the R&D fraction for the sub-stream.”
(1) This section applies for the purpose of calculating the routine return figure for a relevant IP income sub-stream established at Step 2 in section 357BF(2) in determining the relevant IP profits of a trade of a company for an accounting period.
(2) The routine return figure for the sub-stream is 10% of the aggregate of any routine deductions which—
(a) have been made by the company in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period, and
(b) have been allocated to the sub-stream at Step 3 in section 357BF(2).
For the meaning of “routine deductions”, see sections 357BJA and 357BJB.
(3) In a case where—
(a) the company (“C”) is a member of a group,
(b) another member of the group has incurred expenses on behalf of C,
(c) had they been incurred by C, C would have made a deduction in respect of the expenses in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period,
(d) the deduction would have been a routine deduction, and
(e) the deduction would have been allocated to the sub-stream at Step 3 in section 357BF(2),
C is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (2) as having made such a routine deduction and as having allocated the deduction to the sub-stream.
(4) Where expenses have been incurred by any member of the group on behalf of C and any other member of the group, subsection (3) applies in relation to so much of the amount of the expenses as on a just and reasonable apportionment may properly be regarded as incurred on behalf of C.
(1) For the purposes of this Part, “routine deductions” means deductions falling within any of the Heads set out in—
(a) subsection (2) (capital allowances),
(b) subsection (3) (costs of premises),
(c) subsection (4) (personnel costs),
(d) subsection (5) (plant and machinery costs),
(e) subsection (6) (professional services), and
(f) subsection (7) (miscellaneous services).
This is subject to section 357BJB (deductions that are not routine deductions).
(2) Head 1 is any allowances under CAA 2001.
(3) Head 2 is any deductions made by the company in respect of any premises occupied by the company.
(4) Head 3 is any deductions made by the company in respect of—
(a) any director or employee of the company, or
(b) any externally provided workers.
(5) Head 4 is any deductions made by the company in respect of any plant or machinery used by the company.
(6) Head 5 is any deductions made by the company in respect of any of the following services—
(a) legal services, other than IP-related services;
(b) financial services, including—
(i) insurance services, and
(ii) valuation or actuarial services;
(c) services provided in connection with the administration or management of the company's directors and employees;
(d) any other consultancy services.
(7) Head 6 is any deductions made by the company in respect of any of the following services—
(a) the supply of water, fuel or power;
(b) telecommunications services;
(c) computing services, including computer software;
(d) postal services;
(e) the transportation of any items;
(f) the collection, removal and disposal of refuse.
(8) In this section—
“externally provided worker” has the same meaning as in Part 13 of CTA 2009 (see section 1128 of that Act),
“IP-related services” means services provided in connection with—
any application for a right to which this Part applies, or
any proceedings relating to the enforcement of any such right,
“premises” includes any land,
“telecommunications service” means any service that consists in the provision of access to, and of facilities for making use of, any telecommunication system (whether or not one provided by the person providing the service), and
“telecommunication system” means any system (including the apparatus comprised in it) which exists for the purpose of facilitating the transmission of communications by any means involving the use of electrical or electromagnetic energy.
(9) The Treasury may by regulations amend this section.
(1) For the purposes of this Part a deduction is not a “routine deduction” if it falls within any of the Heads set out in—
(a) subsection (2) (loan relationships and derivative contracts),
(b) subsection (3) (R&D expenses),
(c) subsection (4) (capital allowances for R&D or patents),
(d) subsection (5) (R&D-related employee share acquisitions),
(da) subsection (7A) (expenditure on the production of films, television programmes and video games),
(e) subsection (8) (television production expenditure),
(f) subsection (9) (video games development expenditure).
(2) Head 1 is any debits which are treated as expenses of the trade by virtue of—
(a) section 297 of CTA 2009 (debits in respect of loan relationships), or
(b) section 573 of CTA 2009 (debits in respect of derivative contracts).
(3) Head 2 is—
(a) the amount of any expenditure on research and development in relation to the trade—
(i) for which an additional deduction for the accounting period is obtained by the company under Part 13 of CTA 2009, or
(ii) in respect of which the company is entitled to an R&D expenditure credit for the accounting period under Chapter 1A of that Part, and
(b) where the company obtains an additional deduction as mentioned in paragraph (a)(i), the amount of that additional deduction.
(4) Head 3 is any allowances under—
(a) Part 6 of CAA 2001 (research and development allowances), or
(b) Part 8 of CAA 2001 (patent allowances).
(5) Head 4 is the appropriate proportion of any deductions allowed under Part 12 of CTA 2009 (relief for employee share acquisitions) in a case where—
(a) shares are acquired by an employee or another person because of the employee's employment by the company, and
(b) the employee is wholly or partly engaged directly and actively in relevant research and development (within the meaning of section 1042 of CTA 2009).
(6) In subsection (5) “the appropriate proportion”, in relation to a deduction allowed in respect of an employee, is the proportion of the staffing costs in respect of the employee which are attributable to relevant research and development for the purposes of Part 13 of CTA 2009 (see section 1124 of that Act).
“Staffing costs” has the same meaning as in that Part (see section 1123 of that Act).
(7) Subsections (5) and (6) of section 1124 of CTA 2009 apply for the purposes of subsection (5)(b) as they apply for the purposes of that section.
(7A) Head 4A is the amount of any expenditure in respect of which the company is entitled to an audiovisual expenditure credit or video game expenditure credit under Part 14A of CTA 2009.
(8) Head 5 is—
(a) the amount of any qualifying expenditure on a television programme for which an additional deduction for the accounting period is obtained by the company under Part 15A of CTA 2009, and
(b) the amount of that additional deduction.
(9) Head 6 is—
(a) the amount of any qualifying expenditure on a video game for which an additional deduction for the accounting period is obtained by the company under Part 15B of CTA 2009, and
(b) the amount of that additional deduction.
(10) The Treasury may by regulations amend this section.
(1) The marketing assets return figure for a relevant IP income sub-stream is—
NMR − AMR
where—
NMR is the notional marketing royalty in respect of the sub-stream (see section 357BKA), and
AMR is the actual marketing royalty in respect of the sub-stream (see section 357BKB).
(2) Where—
(a) AMR is greater than NMR, or
(b) the difference between NMR and AMR is less than 10% of the amount of the relevant IP income sub-stream following the deductions required by Step 4 in section 357BF(2),
the marketing assets return figure for the sub-stream is nil.
(1) The notional marketing royalty in respect of a relevant IP income sub-stream is the appropriate percentage of the income allocated to that sub-stream at Step 2 in section 357BF(2).
(2) The “appropriate percentage” is the proportion of that income which the company would pay another person (“P”) for the right to exploit the relevant marketing assets in the accounting period concerned if the company were not otherwise able to exploit them.
(3) For the purposes of this section a marketing asset is a “relevant marketing asset” in relation to a relevant IP income sub-stream if the sub-stream includes any income arising from things done by the company that involve the exploitation by the company of that marketing asset.
(4) For the purpose of determining the appropriate percentage under this section, assume that—
(a) the company and P are dealing at arm's length,
(b) the company, or the company and persons authorised by it, will have the right to exploit the relevant marketing assets to the exclusion of any other person (including P),
(c) the company will have the same rights in relation to the relevant marketing assets as it actually has,
(d) the right to exploit the relevant marketing assets is conferred on the relevant day,
(e) the appropriate percentage is determined at the beginning of the accounting period concerned,
(f) the appropriate percentage will apply for each succeeding accounting period for which the company will have the right to exploit the relevant marketing assets, and
(g) no income other than income within the relevant IP income sub-stream will arise from anything done by the company that involves the exploitation by the company of the relevant marketing assets.
(5) In subsection (4)(d) “the relevant day”, in relation to a relevant marketing asset, means—
(a) the first day of the accounting period concerned, or
(b) if later, the day on which the company first acquired the relevant marketing asset or the right to exploit the asset.
(6) In determining the appropriate percentage, the company must act in accordance with—
(a) Article 9 of the OECD Model Tax Convention, and
(b) the OECD transfer pricing guidelines.
(7) In this section “marketing asset” means any of the following (whether or not capable of being transferred or assigned)—
(a) anything in respect of which proceedings for passing off could be brought, including a registered trade mark (within the meaning of the Trade Marks Act 1994),
(b) anything that corresponds to a marketing asset within paragraph (a) and is recognised under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom,
(c) any signs or indications (so far as not falling within paragraph (a) or (b)) which may serve, in trade, to designate the geographical origin of goods or services, and
(d) any information which relates to customers or potential customers of the company, or any other member of a group of which the company is a member, and is intended to be used for marketing purposes.
(1) The actual marketing royalty for a relevant IP income sub-stream is the aggregate of any sums which—
(a) were paid by the company for the purposes of acquiring any relevant marketing assets or the right to exploit any such assets, and
(b) have been allocated to the sub-stream at Step 3 in section 357BF(2).
(2) In this section “relevant marketing asset” has the same meaning as in section 357BKA.
(1) Sections 357BLA to 357BLH apply for the purpose of determining the R&D fraction for a relevant IP income sub-stream established at Step 2 in section 357BF(2) in determining the relevant IP profits of a trade of a company for an accounting period.
(2) In sections 357BLA to 357BLH, references to “the sub-stream”, “the trade”, “the company” and “the accounting period” are to the relevant IP income sub-stream, the trade, the company and the accounting period referred to in subsection (1).
(1) The R&D fraction for the sub-stream is the lesser of 1 and—
( D + S1 ) × 1.3 D + S1 + S2 + A
where—
D is the company's qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D undertaken in-house (see section 357BLB),
S1 is the company's qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to unconnected persons (see section 357BLC),
S2 is the company's qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to connected persons (see section 357BLD), and
A is the company's qualifying expenditure on the acquisition of relevant qualifying IP rights (see section 357BLE).
(2) This section is subject to section 357BLH (R&D fraction: increase for exceptional circumstances).
357BLB Qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D undertaken in-house
(1) In section 357BLA, the company's “qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D undertaken in-house” means the expenditure incurred by the company during the relevant period which meets conditions A and B.
(2) Condition A is that the expenditure is—
(a) incurred on staffing costs,
(b) incurred on software , data licences, cloud computing services or consumable items,
(c) qualifying expenditure on externally provided workers, or
(d) incurred on relevant payments to the subjects of clinical trials.
(3) Condition B is that the expenditure is attributable to relevant research and development undertaken by the company itself.
(4) If an election made by the company under section 18A of CTA 2009 (election for exemption for profits or losses of company's foreign permanent establishments) applies to the relevant period, expenditure incurred by the company during the period which meets conditions A and B—
(a) is not “qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D undertaken in-house”, but
(b) is “qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to connected persons”,
so far as it is expenditure brought into account in calculating a relevant profits amount, or a relevant losses amount, aggregated at section 18A(4)(a) or (b) of CTA 2009 in calculating the company's foreign permanent establishments amount for the period.
(5) In this section and sections 357BLC and 357BLD, “relevant research and development” means research and development (within the meaning of section 1138) which—
(a) in a case where the sub-stream is an individual IP right sub-stream, relates to the qualifying IP right to which the income in the sub-stream is attributable,
(b) in a case where the sub-stream is a product sub-stream, relates to a qualifying IP right granted in respect of any item—
(i) to which income in the sub-stream is attributable, or
(ii) which is incorporated in an item to which income in the sub-stream is attributable, or
(c) in a case where the sub-stream is a process sub-stream, relates to a qualifying IP right granted in respect of any process—
(i) to which income in the sub-stream is attributable, or
(ii) which is incorporated in a process to which income in the sub-stream is attributable.
(6) Research and development “relates” to a qualifying IP right for the purposes of subsection (5) if—
(a) it creates, or contributes to the creation of, the invention,
(b) it is undertaken for the purpose of developing the invention,
(c) it is undertaken for the purpose of developing ways in which the invention may be used or applied, or
(d) it is undertaken for the purpose of developing any item or process incorporating the invention.
(7) The following provisions of CTA 2009 apply for the purposes of this section—
(a) section 1123 (meaning of “staffing costs”),
(b) section 1124 (when staffing costs are attributable to relevant research and development),
(c) section 1125 (meaning of “software , data licences, cloud computing services or consumable items”),
(d) sections 1126 to 1126B (when software , data licences, cloud computing services or consumable items are attributable to relevant research and development),
(e) sections 1127 to 1131 (meaning of “qualifying expenditure on externally provided workers”), as those provisions had effect before the amendments made by paragraph 9 of Schedule 1 to FA 2024,
(f) section 1132 (when qualifying expenditure on externally provided workers is attributable to relevant research and development), and
(g) section 1140 (meaning of “relevant payments to the subjects of clinical trials”),
and in the application of those provisions for the purposes of this section any reference to “relevant research and development” is to be read as a reference to relevant research and development within the meaning given by subsection (5).
357BLC Qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to unconnected persons
(1) In section 357BLA, the company's “qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to unconnected persons” means the expenditure incurred by the company during the relevant period in making payments within subsection (2).
(2) A payment is within this subsection if—
(a) it is made to a person in respect of relevant research and development contracted out by the company to the person, and
(b) the company and the person are not connected (within the meaning given by section 1122).
(3) If an election made by the company under section 18A of CTA 2009 (election for exemption for profits or losses of company's foreign permanent establishments) applies to the relevant period, expenditure incurred by the company during the period in making payments within subsection (2)—
(a) is not “qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to unconnected persons”, but
(b) is “qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to connected persons”,
so far as it is expenditure brought into account in calculating a relevant profits amount, or a relevant losses amount, aggregated at section 18A(4)(a) or (b) of CTA 2009 in calculating the company's foreign permanent establishments amount for the period.
(4) Where a payment is made to a person in respect of relevant research and development contracted out to the person and in respect of other matters, so much of the payment as is properly attributable to other matters is to be disregarded for the purposes of this section.
357BLD Qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to connected persons
(1) In section 357BLA, the company's “qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to connected persons” means the total of—
(a) any expenditure which is “qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D sub-contracted to connected persons” as a result of section 357BLB(4) or 357BLC(3) (certain expenditure attributed to company's foreign permanent establishments), and
(b) the expenditure incurred by the company during the relevant period in making payments within subsection (2).
(2) A payment is within this subsection if—
(a) it is made to a person in respect of relevant research and development contracted out by the company to the person, and
(b) the company and the person are connected (within the meaning given by section 1122).
(3) Where a payment is made to a person in respect of relevant research and development contracted out to the person and in respect of other matters, so much of the payment as is properly attributable to other matters is to be disregarded for the purposes of this section.
357BLE Qualifying expenditure on acquisition of relevant qualifying IP rights
(1) In section 357BLA, the company's “qualifying expenditure on the acquisition of relevant qualifying IP rights” means the expenditure incurred by the company in making during the relevant period payments within any of subsections (2), (3) and (4).
(2) A payment is within this subsection if it is made to a person in respect of the assignment by that person to the company of a relevant qualifying IP right.
(3) A payment is within this subsection if it is made to a person in respect of the grant or transfer by that person to the company of an exclusive licence in respect of a relevant qualifying IP right.
(4) A payment is within this subsection if—
(a) it is made to a person in respect of the disclosure by that person to the company of any item or process, and
(b) the company applies for and is granted a relevant qualifying IP right in respect of that item or process (or any item or process derived from it).
(5) Where the company has incurred expenditure in making a series of payments to a person in respect of a single assignment, grant, transfer or disclosure, each of the payments in the series is to be treated for the purposes of this section as having been made on the date on which the first payment in the series was made.
(6) “Relevant qualifying IP right” means—
(a) in a case where the sub-stream is an individual IP right sub-stream, the qualifying IP right to which the income in the sub-stream is attributable,
(b) in a case where the sub-stream is a product sub-stream, a qualifying IP right granted in respect of an item—
(i) to which income in the sub-stream is attributable, or
(ii) which is incorporated in an item to which income in the sub-stream is attributable, or
(c) in a case where the sub-stream is a process sub-stream, a qualifying IP right granted in respect of a process—
(i) to which income in the sub-stream is attributable, or
(ii) which is incorporated in a process to which income in the sub-stream is attributable.
357BLEA Cases where the company is a party to a CSA
(1) Subsection (2) applies if during the relevant period—
(a) the company is a party to a cost-sharing arrangement (see section 357GC),
(b) the company incurs expenditure in making payments under the arrangement that are within section 357BLC(2) by reason of section 357GCZC, and
(c) persons who are not connected with the company make payments under the arrangement to the company in respect of relevant research and development undertaken or contracted out by the company.
(2) So much of the expenditure referred to in paragraph (b) of subsection (1) as is equal to the amount of the payments referred to in paragraph (c) of that subsection is to be disregarded in determining the R&D fraction for the sub-stream.
(3) Subsection (4) applies if during the relevant period—
(a) the company is a party to a cost-sharing arrangement,
(b) the company incurs expenditure in making payments under the arrangement that are within subsection (5), and
(c) the company receives payments under the arrangement that are within subsection (6).
(4) So much of the expenditure referred to in paragraph (b) of subsection (3) as is equal to the amount of the payments referred to in paragraph (c) of that subsection is to be disregarded in determining the R&D fraction for the sub-stream.
(5) A payment is within this subsection if—
(a) it is within section 357BLD(2) by reason of section 357GCZC, or
(b) it is within section 357BLE(2) or (3) by reason of section 357GCZD.
(6) A payment is within this subsection if—
(a) it is made by persons connected with the company in respect of relevant research and development undertaken or contracted out by the company, or
(b) it is made in respect of an assignment to the company of a relevant qualifying IP right or a grant or transfer to the company of an exclusive licence in respect of such a right.
(1) Subsections (2) to (6) define “the relevant period” for the purposes of sections 357BLB to 357BLE.
(2) The “relevant period” is the period which—
(a) ends with the last day of the accounting period, and
(b) begins on the relevant day or such earlier day as the company may elect.
This is subject to subsection (6).
(3) The “relevant day” is 1 July 2013 in a case where—
(a) the accounting period begins before 1 July 2021, and
(b) the company is a new entrant (see section 357A(11)).
(4) The “relevant day” is 1 July 2016 in any other case.
(5) A day elected under subsection (2)(b) must not be more than 20 years before the last day of the accounting period.
(6) If the last day of the accounting period is, or is after, 1 July 2036 the “relevant period” is the period of 20 years ending with that day.
(7) Expenditure incurred by the company is to be treated for the purposes of sections 357BLB to 357BLD as incurred during the relevant period if (and only if) the expenditure is allowable as a deduction in calculating for corporation tax purposes the profits of the trade for an accounting period which falls, in whole or in part, within the relevant period.
357BLG Cases where the company is a new entrant with insufficient information about pre-enactment expenditure
(1) This section applies if—
(a) the accounting period begins before 1 July 2021 and the company is a new entrant (so that subsection (3) of section 357BLF applies), and
(b) the company has insufficient information about its expenditure in the period which begins with 1 July 2013 and ends with 30 June 2016 to be able to calculate the R&D fraction for the sub-stream.
(2) If the accounting period begins on or after 1 July 2019, the company may elect that, for the purposes of enabling it to determine the R&D fraction for the sub-stream, section 357BLF is to have effect as if in subsection (3) for “1 July 2013” there were substituted “ 1 July 2016 ”.
(3) If the accounting period begins before 1 July 2019 the company may elect that, for the purposes of enabling it to determine the R&D fraction for the sub-stream, sections 357BL to 357BLE are to have effect as if—
(a) any reference in those sections to the relevant period were to the period of three years ending with the last day of the accounting period,
(b) in section 357BLB, for subsections (5) and (6) there were substituted—
(5) In this section and sections 357BLC and 357BLD, “relevant research and development” means research and development (within the meaning of section 1138) which relates to the trade.
, and
(c) in section 357BLE—
(i) in each of subsections (2), (3) and (4) the word “relevant” were omitted, and
(ii) subsection (6) were omitted.
357BLH R&D fraction: increase for exceptional circumstances
(1) The company may elect to increase the R&D fraction for the sub-stream by the amount mentioned in subsection (2) if (but for the increase)—
(a) it would not be less than 0.325, and
(b) it would, because of exceptional circumstances, be less than the value fraction for the sub-stream (see subsection (3)).
(2) The amount of the increase referred to in subsection (1) is the amount which is equal to the difference between the R&D fraction (before the increase) and the value fraction.
(3) The “value fraction” for the sub-stream is the fraction which, on a just and reasonable assessment, represents the proportion of the value of the relevant qualifying IP rights which is properly attributable to research and development undertaken at any time—
(a) by the company itself, or
(b) on behalf of the company by persons not connected with it.
(4) An election under subsection (1) is made by the company giving notice to an officer of Revenue and Customs.
(5) The notice must be given on or before the last day on which an amendment of the company's tax return for the accounting period could be made under paragraph 15 of Schedule 18 to FA 1998.
(6) In this section—
“relevant qualifying IP rights” has the same meaning as in section 357BLE, and
“research and development” has the meaning given by section 1138.
(7) Section 1122 (meaning of “connected” persons”) applies for the purposes of this section.
(1) This section applies where a company—
(a) holds a right mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of section 357BB(1) (rights to which this Part applies) or an exclusive licence in respect of such a right, or
(b) would hold such a right or licence but for the fact that the company disposed of any rights in the invention or (as the case may be) the licence before the right was granted.
(2) The company may elect that, for the purposes of determining the relevant IP profits of a trade of the company for the accounting period in which the right is granted, there is to be added the amount determined in accordance with subsection (3) (the “ additional amount ”).
(3) The additional amount is the difference between—
(a) the aggregate of the relevant IP profits of the trade for each relevant accounting period, and
(b) the aggregate of what the relevant IP profits of the trade for each relevant accounting period would have been if the right had been granted on the relevant day.
(4) For the purposes of determining the additional amount, the amount of any relevant IP profits to which section 357A does not apply by virtue of Chapter 5 (relevant IP losses) is to be disregarded.
(5) In this section “relevant accounting period” means—
(a) the accounting period of the company in which the right is granted, and
(b) any earlier accounting period of the company which meets the conditions in subsection (6).
(6) The conditions mentioned in subsection (5)(b) are—
(a) that it is an accounting period for which an election made by the company under section 357A(1) has effect,
(b) that it is an accounting period for which the company is a qualifying company, and
(c) that it ends on or after the relevant day.
(7) In this section “the relevant day” is the later of—
(a) the first day of the period of 6 years ending with the day on which the right is granted, and
(b) the day on which—
(i) the application for the grant of the right was filed, or
(ii) in the case of a company that holds an exclusive licence in respect of the right, the licence was granted.
(8) Where the company would be a qualifying company for an accounting period but for the fact that the right had not been granted at any time during that accounting period, the company is to be treated for the purposes of this section as if it were a qualifying company for that accounting period.
(9) Where the company would be a qualifying company for the accounting period in which the right was granted but for the fact that the company disposed of the rights or licence mentioned in subsection (1)(b) before the right was granted, the company is to be treated for the purposes of section 357A as if it were a qualifying company for that accounting period.
(1) This section applies where—
(a) a company carries on only one trade during an accounting period,
(b) section 357BF applies for the purposes of determining the relevant IP profits of the trade for the accounting period, and
(c) the qualifying residual profit of the trade for the accounting period does not exceed whichever is the greater of—
(i) £1,000,000, and
(ii) the relevant maximum for the accounting period.
(2) The company may make any of the following elections for the accounting period—
(a) a notional royalty election (see section 357BNA),
(b) a small claims figure election (see section 357BNB), and
(c) a global streaming election (see section 357BNC).
This is subject to subsections (3) and (4).
(3) The company may not make a notional royalty election, a small claims figure election or a global streaming election for the accounting period if—
(a) the qualifying residual profit of the trade for the accounting period exceeds £1,000,000,
(b) section 357BF applied for the purposes of determining the relevant IP profits of the trade for any previous accounting period beginning within the relevant 4-year period, and
(c) the company did not make a notional royalty election, a small claims figure election or (as the case may be) a global streaming election for that previous accounting period.
(4) The company may not make a small claims figure election for the accounting period if—
(a) the qualifying residual profit of the trade for the accounting period exceeds £1,000,000,
(b) section 357C or 357DA applied for the purposes of determining the relevant IP profits of the trade for any previous accounting period beginning within the relevant 4-year period, and
(c) the company did not make an election under section 357CL for small claims treatment for that previous accounting period.
(5) In subsections (3) and (4) “the relevant 4-year period” means the period of 4 years ending with the beginning of the accounting period mentioned in subsection (1)(a).
(6) For the purposes of this section, the “qualifying residual profit” of a trade of a company for an accounting period is the amount which (assuming the company did not make an election under this section) would be equal to the aggregate of the relevant IP income sub-streams established at Step 2 in section 357BF(2) in determining the relevant IP profits of the trade for the accounting period, following the deductions from those sub-streams required by Step 4 in section 357BF(2) (ignoring the amount of any sub-stream which is not greater than nil following those deductions).
(7) For the purposes of this section, the “relevant maximum” for an accounting period of a company is—
(a) in a case where the company has no associated company in the accounting period, £3,000,000;
(b) in a case where one or more companies are related 51% group companies of the company in the accounting period, the amount given by the formula—
£ 3,000,000 ( 1 + N )
where N is the number of those associated companies in relation to which an election under section 357A(1) has effect for the accounting period.
(8) For an accounting period of less than 12 months, the relevant maximum is proportionally reduced.
(9) The rules in Part 3A (see sections 18E to 18J) which apply for determining whether a company is another company's associated company in an accounting period for the purposes of section 18D apply for the purposes of this section.
(1) Subsection (2) applies where a company has made a notional royalty election for an accounting period under section 357BN(2)(a).
(2) In its application for the purposes of determining the relevant IP profits of the trade of the company for the accounting period, section 357BHA (notional royalty) has effect as if—
(a) in subsection (2) for “the appropriate percentage” there were substituted “ 75% ”, and
(b) subsections (3) to (6) were omitted.
(1) Subsection (2) applies where a company has made a small claims figure election for an accounting period under section 357BN(2)(b).
(2) In its application for the purposes of determining the relevant IP profits of the trade of the company for the accounting period, section 357BF(2) (steps for calculating relevant IP profits) has effect as if in Step 5—
(a) for “marketing assets return figure” there was substituted “ small claims figure ”, and
(b) for “(see section 357BK)” there was substituted “ (see section 357BNB(3)) ”.
(3) Subsections (4) to (9) apply for the purpose of calculating the small claims figure for a relevant IP income sub-stream established at Step 2 in section 357BF(2) in determining the relevant IP profits of a trade of a company for an accounting period.
(4) If 75% of the qualifying residual profit of the trade for the accounting period is lower than the small claims threshold, the small claims figure for the sub-stream is 25% of the amount of the sub-stream following Step 4 in section 357BF(2).
(5) If 75% of the qualifying residual profit of the trade for the accounting period is higher than the small claims threshold, the small claims figure for the sub-stream is the amount given by—
A − ( A QRP × SCT )
where—
A is the amount of the sub-stream following the deductions required by Step 4 in section 357BF(2),
QRP is the qualifying residual profit of the trade of the company for the accounting period, and
SCT is the small claims threshold.
(6) If the company has no associated company in the accounting period, the small claims threshold is £1,000,000.
(7) If the company has one or more associated companies in the accounting period, the small claims threshold is—
£ 1,000,000 ( 1 + N )
where N is the number of those associated companies in relation to which an election under section 357A(1) has effect for the accounting period.
(8) For an accounting period of less than 12 months, the small claims threshold is proportionately reduced.
(9) Subsection (6) of section 357BN (meaning of “qualifying residual profit”) applies for the purposes of subsection (4) and (5) of this section.
(10) The rules in Part 3A (see sections 18E to 18J) which apply for determining whether a company is another company's associated company in an accounting period for the purposes of section 18D apply for the purposes of this section.
(1) Subsection (2) applies where a company has made a global streaming election for an accounting period under section 357BN(2)(c).
(2) In its application for the purpose of determining the relevant IP profits of the trade of the company for the accounting period, this Chapter has effect with the following modifications.
(3) In subsection (2) of section 357BF (relevant IP profits)—
(a) omit Step 2,
(b) in Step 3 for “each of the relevant IP income sub-streams” substitute “ the relevant IP income stream ”,
(c) in Step 4—
(i) in the words before paragraph (a), for “each” substitute “ the ”,
(ii) for “sub-stream”, in each place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”,
(d) in Step 5—
(i) at the beginning insert “ If the relevant IP income stream is greater than nil following Step 4, ”,
(ii) for the words from “each” to “Step 4” substitute “ the stream ”,
(iii) for “sub-stream”, in the second place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”,
(e) in Step 6—
(i) for “each relevant IP income sub-stream” substitute “ the relevant IP income stream ”,
(ii) for “sub-stream”, in the second place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”,
(f) omit Step 7, and
(g) in Step 8 for “given by Step 7” substitute “ of the relevant IP income stream following Step 6 ”.
(4) In subsection (3) of that section for “given by” substitute “ of the relevant IP income stream following the Steps in ”.
(5) In subsection (4) of that section for “given by” substitute “ of the relevant IP income stream following the Steps in ”.
(6) Omit subsections (5) to (7) of that section.
(7) In section 357BIA(3) (certain amounts not to be deducted from sub-streams at Step 4 of section 357BF)—
(a) for “a relevant IP income sub-stream” substitute “ the relevant IP income stream ”;
(b) for “sub-stream”, in the second and third places it occurs, substitute “ stream ”.
(8) In section 357BJ (routine return figure)—
(a) for “sub-stream”, in each place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”, and
(b) in subsection (1) for “Step 2” substitute “ Step 1 ”.
(9) In section 357BK (marketing asset return figure) for “sub-stream”, in each place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”.
(10) In section 357BKA (notional marketing royalty)—
(a) for “sub-stream”, in each place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”, and
(b) in subsection (1) for “Step 2” substitute “ Step 1 ”.
(11) In section 357BKB (actual marketing royalty) for “sub-stream”, in each place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”.
(12) In section 357BL (R&D fraction: introduction)—
(a) for “sub-stream” (in each place it occurs) substitute “ stream ”, and
(b) in subsection (1) for “Step 2” substitute “ Step 1 ”.
(13) In section 357BLA(1) (R&D fraction) for “sub-stream” substitute “ stream ”.
(14) In section 357BLB(5) (qualifying expenditure on relevant R&D undertaken in-house) for the words after “1138)” substitute “ which relates to a qualifying IP right to which income in the stream is attributable ”.
(15) In section 357BLE(6) (qualifying expenditure on acquisition of relevant qualifying IP rights) for the words from “means” to the end substitute “ means a qualifying IP right to which income in the stream is attributable ”.
(16) In section 357BLG (cases where the company is a new entrant with insufficient information about pre-enactment expenditure) for “sub-stream”, in each place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”.
(17) In section 357BLH (R&D fraction: increase for exceptional circumstances) for “sub-stream”, in each place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”.
(18) In section 357BNB (small claims figure election)—
(a) for “sub-stream”, in each place it occurs, substitute “ stream ”, and
(b) in subsection (3) for “Step 2” substitute “ Step 1 ”.
(1) Section 357BF applies, with the modifications set out in section 357BQ, for the purposes of determining the relevant IP profits of a trade of a company for an accounting period in a case where—
(a) the accounting period begins before 1 July 2021,
(b) the company is not a new entrant (see section 357A(11)), and
(c) any amount of relevant IP income brought into account as a credit in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period is properly attributable to a new qualifying IP right (see section 357BP).
(2) Where it is necessary for the purposes of section 357BF, as applied by this section, to determine the R&D fraction for a relevant IP income sub-stream, the company concerned is to be treated for the purposes of sections 357BLF and 357BLG as if it were a new entrant.
(3) Where section 357BF applies by reason of this section for the purposes of determining the relevant IP profits of a trade of a company for an accounting period, the company may not make a global streaming election for the accounting period under section 357BN(2)(c).
357BP Meaning of “new qualifying IP right” and “old qualifying IP right”
(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Part.
(2) “New qualifying IP right”, in relation to a company, means a qualifying IP right which meets condition A, B or C.
(3) “Old qualifying IP right”, in relation to a company, means a qualifying IP right which does not meet any of those conditions.
(4) Condition A is that the right was granted or issued to the company in response to an application filed on or after the relevant date.
(5) Condition B is that the right was assigned to the company on or after the relevant date.
(6) Condition C is that an exclusive licence in respect of the right was granted to the company on or after the relevant date.
(7) The “relevant date” for the purposes of subsections (4), (5) and (6) is 1 July 2016; but this is subject to subsection (8).
(8) The “relevant date” for the purposes of subsections (5) and (6) is 2 January 2016 if—
(a) the company and the person who assigned the right or granted the licence were connected at the time of the assignment or grant,
(b) the main purpose, or one of the main purposes, of the assignment of the right or the grant of the licence was the avoidance of a foreign tax,
(c) the person who assigned the right or granted the licence was not within the charge to corporation tax at the time of the assignment or grant, and
(d) the person who assigned the right or granted the licence was not liable at the time of the assignment or grant to a foreign tax which is designated for the purposes of this section by regulations made by the Treasury.
(9) Regulations may be made under subsection (8)(d) which designate a foreign tax only if it appears to the Treasury that the tax may be charged at a reduced rate under provisions of the law of the country or territory concerned which correspond to the provisions of this Part.
(10) Regulations may not be made under subsection (8)(d) after 31 December 2016.
(11) In this section “foreign tax” means a tax under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom.
(12) Section 1122 (meaning of “connected” persons) applies for the purposes of this section.
(13) This section has effect subject to section 357GCZA (qualifying IP right held by another party to a cost-sharing arrangement) and section 357GCZB (exclusive licence held by another party to a cost-sharing arrangement).
(1) The modifications of section 357BF referred to in section 357BO(1) are as follows.
(2) Omit subsection (1).
(3) In subsection (2)—
(a) in Step 2—
(i) before paragraph (a) insert—
(aa) a sub-stream consisting of income properly attributable to old qualifying IP rights (“an old IP rights sub-stream”),
,
(ii) in paragraph (a) before “qualifying IP right” insert “ new ”,
(iii) in the words after paragraph (c) for “and (7)” substitute “ to (7E) ”,
(b) in Step 6, for “relevant IP income sub-stream” substitute “ individual IP right sub-stream, each product sub-stream and each process sub-stream ”, and
(c) for Step 7 substitute—
Step 7 Add together—
(a) the amount of any old IP rights sub-stream (following Steps 4 and 5), and
(b) the amount of each of the individual IP right sub-streams, each of the product sub-streams and each of the process sub-streams (following Step 6).
(4) In subsection (7) for paragraph (a) substitute—
(a) it would not be reasonably practicable to apportion the income between—
(i) individual IP rights sub-streams, or
(ii) individual IP rights sub-streams and an old IP rights sub-stream, or
.
(5) After subsection (7) insert—
(7A) Subsections (7B) to (7E) apply where—
(a) income which is properly attributable to an IP item or IP process may in accordance with subsection (7) be allocated at Step 2 of subsection (2) to a product sub-stream or process sub-stream, and
(b) the IP item or IP process incorporates—
(i) at least one item or process in respect of which an old qualifying IP right held by the company has been granted, and
(ii) at least one item or process in respect of which a new qualifying IP right held by the company has been granted.
(7B) If—
(a) the value of the IP item or IP process is wholly or mainly attributable to the incorporation in it of the items or processes referred to in subsection (7A)(b)(i), or
(b) the old IP percentage for the IP item or IP process is 80% or more,
the income properly attributable to the IP item or IP process may be treated as if it were properly attributable to old qualifying IP rights only; and, accordingly, the income may be allocated at Step 2 of subsection (2) to an old qualifying IP rights sub-stream (rather than to a product sub-stream or process sub-stream).
(7C) If the old IP percentage for the IP item or IP process is less than 80% but not less than 20%, that percentage of the income which is properly attributable to the IP item or IP process may be treated as if it were properly attributable to old qualifying IP rights only; and, accordingly, that percentage of the income may be allocated at Step 2 of subsection (2) to an old IP rights sub-stream (and the remainder is to be allocated to a product sub-stream or process sub-stream).
(7D) Where by reason of subsection (7C) only part of the income properly attributable to the IP item or IP process is allocated to a product sub-stream or process sub-stream, the IP item or IP process is to be treated, in determining the R&D fraction for the sub-stream, as if it did not incorporate the items or processes referred to in subsection (7A)(b)(i).
(7E) For the purposes of subsection (7B) and (7C), the “old IP percentage” for an IP item or IP process is the percentage found by the following calculation—
O T × 100
where—
O is the number of items or processes incorporated in the IP item or IP process in respect of which an old qualifying IP right held by the company has been granted, and
T is the number of items or processes incorporated in the IP item or IP process in respect of which an old or a new qualifying IP right held by the company has been granted.
(A1) This section applies for the purposes of determining the relevant IP profits of a trade of a company for an accounting period in a case where—
(a) the accounting period began before 1 July 2021,
(b) the company is not a new entrant (see section 357A(11)), and
(c) none of the amounts of relevant IP income brought into account as credits in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period is properly attributable to a new qualifying IP right (see section 357BP).
But see also section 357D (alternative method of calculating relevant IP profits in such a case).
(1) To determine the relevant IP profits ...—
Step 1 Calculate the total gross income of the trade for the accounting period (see section 357CA).
Step 2 Calculate the percentage (“X%”) given by the following formula—
RIPI TI × 100
where—
“RIPI” is so much of the total gross income of the trade for the accounting period as is relevant IP income (see sections 357BH to 357BHC ), and
“TI” is the total gross income of the trade for the accounting period.
Step 3 Calculate X% of the profits of the trade for the accounting period. If there are no such profits, calculate X% of the losses of the trade (expressed as a negative figure) for the accounting period. In calculating the profits of the trade for the purposes of this step, make any adjustments required by section 357CG (and references in this step to the profits or losses of the trade are to be read subject to any such adjustments).
Step 4 Deduct from the amount given by Step 3 the routine return figure in relation to the trade for the accounting period (see section 357CI). The amount given by this step is the “qualifying residual profit”.
If the amount of the qualifying residual profit is not greater than nil, go to Step 7.
Step 5 If the company has made an election under section 357CL for small claims treatment, calculate the small claims amount in relation to the trade (see section 357CM). If the company has not, go to Step 6.
Step 6 Deduct from the qualifying residual profit the marketing assets return figure in relation to the trade for the accounting period (see section 357CN).
Step 7 If the company has made an election under section 357CQ (which provides in certain circumstances for profits arising before the grant of a right to be treated as relevant IP profits), add to the amount given by Step 5 or 6 (or, if the amount of the qualifying residual profit was not greater than nil, Step 4) any amount determined in accordance with subsection (3) of that section.
(2) If the amount given by subsection (1) is greater than nil, that amount is the relevant IP profits of the trade for the accounting period.
(3) If the amount given by subsection (1) is less than nil, that amount is the relevant IP losses of the trade for the accounting period (see Chapter 5).
(1) For the purposes of this Part the “total gross income” of a trade of a company for an accounting period is the aggregate of the amounts falling within the Heads set out in—
(a) subsection (3) (revenue),
(b) subsection (5) (compensation),
(c) subsection (6) (adjustments),
(d) subsection (7) (proceeds from intangible fixed assets),
(e) subsection (8) (profits from patent rights).
(2) But the total gross income of the trade does not include any finance income (see section 357BG ).
(3) Head 1 is any amounts which—
(a) in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice (“GAAP”) are recognised as revenue in the company's profit and loss account or income statement for the accounting period, and
(b) are brought into account as credits in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period.
(4) Where the company does not draw up accounts for an accounting period in accordance with GAAP, the reference in subsection (3)(a) to any amounts which in accordance with GAAP are recognised as revenue in the company's profit and loss account or income statement for the accounting period is to be read as a reference to any amounts which would be so recognised if the company had drawn up such accounts for that accounting period.
(5) Head 2 is any amounts of damages, proceeds of insurance or other compensation (so far as not falling within Head 1) which are brought into account as credits in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period.
(6) Head 3 is any amounts (so far as not falling within Head 1) which are brought into account as receipts under section 181 of CTA 2009 (adjustment on change of basis) in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period.
(7) Head 4 is any amounts (so far as not falling within Head 1) which are brought into account as credits under Chapter 4 of Part 8 of CTA 2009 (realisation of intangible fixed assets) in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period.
(8) Head 5 is any profits from the sale by the company of the whole or part of any patent rights held for the purposes of the trade which are taxed under section 912 of CTA 2009 in the accounting period.
(1) This section applies for the purposes of determining under section 357C the relevant IP profits of a trade of a company for an accounting period.
(2) In calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period—
(a) there are to be added the amounts in subsection (3), and
(b) there are to be deducted the amounts in subsection (4).
(3) The amounts to be added are—
(a) the amount of any debits which are treated as expenses of the trade by virtue of—
(i) section 297 of CTA 2009 (debits in respect of loan relationships), or
(ii) section 573 of CTA 2009 (debits in respect of derivative contracts), ...
(b) the amount of any additional deduction for the accounting period obtained by the company under Part 13 of CTA 2009 for expenditure on research and development in relation to the trade.
(c) the amount of any additional deduction for the accounting period obtained by the company under Part 15A of CTA 2009 in respect of qualifying expenditure on a television programme, ...
(d) the amount of any additional deduction for the accounting period obtained by the company under Part 15B of CTA 2009 in respect of qualifying expenditure on a video game , and
(e) the amount of any additional deduction for the accounting period obtained by the company under Part 15C of CTA 2009 in respect of qualifying expenditure on a theatrical production.
(4) The amounts to be deducted are —
(a) the amount of any R&D expenditure credits (within the meaning of Chapter 1A of Part 13) brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period, and
(aa) the amount of any audiovisual expenditure credit or video game expenditure credit under Part 14A of CTA 2009 brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period,
(b) any amounts of finance income brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period.
(For the meaning of “finance income”, see section 357BG.)
(5) In a case where there is a shortfall in R&D expenditure in relation to the trade for a relevant accounting period (see section 357CH), the amount of R&D expenditure brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade for that accounting period is to be increased by the amount mentioned in section 357CH(2).
(5A) In a case where—
(a) the company is—
(i) a television production company in relation to a television programme, or
(ii) a video games development company in relation to a video game, and
(b) there is a shortfall in qualifying expenditure in relation to the separate programme trade or (as the case may be) the separate video game trade for a relevant accounting period (see section 357CHA),
the amount of qualifying expenditure brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade for that accounting period is to be increased by the amount mentioned in section 357CHA(2).
(6) For the purposes of subsections (5) and (5A) —
“qualifying expenditure”—
in relation to a company that is a television production company, has the same meaning as in Chapter 3 of Part 15A of CTA 2009, ...
in relation to a company that is a video games development company, has the same meaning as in Chapter 3 of Part 15B of that Act , and
in relation to a company that is the production company (as defined in section 1217FC of that Act) in relation to a theatrical production, has the same meaning as in Part 15C of that Act,
“R&D expenditure” means expenditure on research and development in relation to the trade,
“relevant accounting period”, in relation to a company, means—
the first accounting period for which—
the company is a qualifying company, and
an election under section 357A(1) has effect in relation to it, and
each accounting period that begins before the end of the period of 4 years beginning with that accounting period, ...
“research and development” means activities, other than oil and gas exploration and appraisal, that fall to be treated as research and development in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice.
“the separate programme trade”, in relation to a television production company, has the same meaning as in Chapter 2 of Part 15A of CTA 2009 (see section 1216B),
“the separate video game trade”, in relation to a video games development company, has the same meaning as in Chapter 2 of Part 15B of CTA 2009 (see section 1217B),
“television production company” has the same meaning as in Part 15A of CTA 2009 (see section 1216AE), ...
“theatrical production” has the same meaning as in Part 15C of CTA 2009 (see section 1217FA of that Act), and
“video games development company” has the same meaning as in Part 15B of CTA 2009 (see section 1217AB).
(1) There is a shortfall in R&D expenditure in relation to a trade of a company for a relevant accounting period if the actual R&D expenditure of the trade for the accounting period (as adjusted under subsections (8) to (11)) is less than 75% of the average amount of R&D expenditure.
(2) The amount that is to be added to the actual R&D expenditure for the purposes of section 357CG(5) is an amount equal to the difference between—
(a) 75% of the average amount of R&D expenditure, and
(b) the actual R&D expenditure, as adjusted under subsections (8) to (11).
(3) In this section—
(a) the “actual R&D expenditure” of a trade of a company for an accounting period is the amount of R&D expenditure that (ignoring section 357CG(5)) is brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period, and
(b) “R&D expenditure” and “relevant accounting period” have the meaning given by section 357CG(6).
(4) The average amount of R&D expenditure is—
E N × 365
where—
E is the amount of R&D expenditure that—
has been incurred by the company during the relevant period, and
has been brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade for any accounting period ending before the first relevant accounting period, and
N is the number of days in the relevant period.
(5) The relevant period is the shorter of—
(a) the period of 4 years ending immediately before the first relevant accounting period, and
(b) the period beginning with the day on which the company begins to carry on the trade and ending immediately before the first relevant accounting period.
(6) For a relevant accounting period of less than 12 months, the average amount of R&D expenditure is proportionately reduced.
(7) Subsections (8) to (11) apply for the purposes of determining—
(a) whether there is a shortfall in R&D expenditure for a relevant accounting period, and
(b) if there is such a shortfall, the amount to be added by virtue of subsection (2).
(8) If the amount of the actual R&D expenditure for a relevant accounting period is greater than the average amount of R&D expenditure, the difference between the two amounts is to be added to the actual R&D expenditure for the next relevant accounting period.
(9) If—
(a) there is not a shortfall in R&D expenditure for a relevant accounting period, but
(b) in the absence of any additional amount, there would be a shortfall in R&D expenditure for that accounting period,
the remaining portion of the additional amount is to be added to the actual R&D expenditure for the next relevant accounting period.
(10) For the purposes of this section—
“additional amount”, in relation to a relevant accounting period, means any amount added to the actual R&D expenditure for that accounting period by virtue of subsection (8), (9) or (11), and
“the remaining portion” of an additional amount is so much of that amount as exceeds the difference between—
the actual R&D expenditure for the relevant accounting period in the absence of the additional amount, and
75% of the average amount of R&D expenditure.
(11) If—
(a) there is not a shortfall in R&D expenditure for a relevant accounting period, and
(b) there would not be a shortfall in R&D expenditure for that accounting period in the absence of any additional amount,
the additional amount is to be added to the actual R&D expenditure for the next relevant accounting period (in addition to any additional amount so added by virtue of subsection (8)).
(1) There is a shortfall in qualifying expenditure in relation to the separate programme trade of a television production company or (as the case may be) the separate video game trade of a video games development company for a relevant accounting period if the actual qualifying expenditure of the trade for the accounting period (as adjusted under subsections (8) to (11)) is less than 75% of the average amount of qualifying expenditure.
(2) The amount that is to be added to the actual qualifying expenditure for the purposes of section 357CG(5A) is an amount equal to the difference between—
(a) 75% of the average amount of qualifying expenditure, and
(b) the actual qualifying expenditure, as adjusted under subsections (8) to (11).
(3) In this section—
(a) the “actual qualifying expenditure” of a trade of a company for an accounting period is the amount of qualifying expenditure that (ignoring section 357CG(5A)) is brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period, and
(b) the following terms have the meaning given by section 357CG(6)—
“qualifying expenditure”,
“relevant accounting period”,
“the separate programme trade”,
“the separate video game trade”,
“television production company”,
“video games development company”.
(4) The average amount of qualifying expenditure is—
E N × 365
where—
E is the amount of qualifying expenditure that—
has been incurred by the company during the relevant period, and
has been brought into account in calculating the profits of the trade for any accounting period ending before the first relevant accounting period, and
N is the number of days in the relevant period.
(5) The relevant period is the shorter of—
(a) the period of 4 years ending immediately before the first relevant accounting period, and
(b) the period beginning with the day on which the company begins to carry on the trade and ending immediately before the first relevant accounting period.
(6) For a relevant accounting period of less than 12 months, the average amount of qualifying expenditure is proportionately reduced.
(7) Subsections (8) to (11) apply for the purposes of determining—
(a) whether there is a shortfall in qualifying expenditure for a relevant accounting period, and
(b) if there is such a shortfall, the amount to be added by virtue of subsection (2).
(8) If the amount of the actual qualifying expenditure for a relevant accounting period is greater than the average amount of qualifying expenditure, the difference between the two amounts is to be added to the actual qualifying expenditure for the next relevant accounting period.
(9) If—
(a) there is not a shortfall in qualifying expenditure for a relevant accounting period, but
(b) in the absence of any additional amount, there would be a shortfall in qualifying expenditure for that accounting period,
the remaining portion of the additional amount is to be added to the actual qualifying expenditure for the next relevant accounting period.
(10) For the purposes of this section—
“additional amount”, in relation to a relevant accounting period, means any amount added to the actual qualifying expenditure for that accounting period by virtue of subsection (8), (9) or (11), and
“the remaining portion” of an additional amount is so much of that amount as exceeds the difference between—
the actual qualifying expenditure for the relevant accounting period in the absence of the additional amount, and
75% of the average amount of qualifying expenditure.
(11) If—
(a) there is not a shortfall in qualifying expenditure for a relevant accounting period, and
(b) there would not be a shortfall in qualifying expenditure for that accounting period in the absence of any additional amount,
the additional amount is to be added to the actual qualifying expenditure for the next relevant accounting period (in addition to any additional amount so added by virtue of subsection (8)).
(1) To determine the routine return figure in relation to a trade of a company for an accounting period—
Step 1 Take the aggregate of any routine deductions made by the company in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period. For the meaning of “routine deductions”, see sections 357BJA and 357BJB .
Step 2 Multiply that amount by 0.1.
Step 3 Calculate X% of the amount given by Step 2.“X%” is the percentage given by Step 2 in section 357C(1).
(2) In a case where—
(a) the company (“C”) is a member of a group,
(b) another member of the group incurs expenses on behalf of C,
(c) had they been incurred by C, C would have made a deduction in respect of the expenses in calculating the profits of the trade for the accounting period, and
(d) the deduction would have been a routine deduction,
C is to be treated for the purposes of subsection (1) as having made such a routine deduction.
(3) Where expenses are incurred by any member of the group on behalf of C and any other member of the group, subsection (2) applies in relation to so much of the amount of the expenses as on a just and reasonable apportionment may properly be regarded as incurred on behalf of C.
357CL Companies eligible to elect for small claims treatment
(1) A company may make an election under this section for small claims treatment for an accounting period if condition A or B is met in relation to the accounting period.
(2) Condition A is that the aggregate of the amounts of qualifying residual profit of each trade of the company for the accounting period does not exceed £1,000,000.
(3) Condition B is that—
(a) the aggregate of the amounts of qualifying residual profit of each trade of the company for the accounting period does not exceed the relevant maximum, and
(b) the company did not take Step 6 in section 357C(1) or 357DA(1) for the purpose of calculating the relevant IP profits of any trade of the company for any previous accounting period beginning within the relevant 4-year period.
(4) In subsection (3)(b) “the relevant 4-year period” means the period of 4 years ending immediately before the accounting period mentioned in subsection (3)(a).
(5) If no other company is a related 51% group company of the company in the accounting period, the relevant maximum is £3,000,000.
(6) If one or more other companies are related 51% group companies of the company, in the accounting period, the relevant maximum is—
£ 3,000,000 1 + N
where N is the number of those related 51% group companies in relation to which an election under section 357A(1) has effect for the accounting period.
(7) For an accounting period of less than 12 months, the relevant maximum is proportionately reduced.
(8) Any amount of qualifying residual profit of a trade of the company that is not greater than nil is to be disregarded for the purposes of this section.
(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .